THRUSHES 25 
in the bank, under a waterfall, on stumps or boulders, &c. 
The nest is generally a rough ball of felted moss with a hole 
at the side; it contains a round nest made chiefly of dry 
grasses lined with leaves. 
Eggs. Usually 4-6. White. Av. size, 1°03x‘7lin. Laying 
usually begins March-April. Broods 2-3. 
(9) Family: Turdide. Subfamily > Turdine—Thrushes 
40. Mistle-thrush, missel-thrush [Turdus viscivorus viscivorus 
Linnzeus}]. Resident in most parts. 
Bird. Length 10°5 in. Distinguished from the following 
species by its large size, spotted flanks, and the white 
spots on the tail-feathers, often conspicuous in flight. Upper- 
parts mostly greyish-brown, under-parts buff turn to white 
on the belly. Spots on throat and neck fan-shaped, on the 
breast and flanks oval. 
Nest. Place: usually in the fork of a tree. Material: grass, 
moss, &c., with an inner cup of mud lined with dry grasses. 
Eggs. Usually 4. Usually tawny or greenish-white with 
reddish-brown and violet markings. Av. size, 1:16 x ‘87 in. 
Laying begins March-April, sometimes earlier. Two broods. 
41. Song-thrush [Turdus philomelus clarkei Hartert; 
Turdus musicus Linnseus]. Resident and common. The 
Continental form [7.. ph. philomelus Brehm] is a winter visitor 
and bird of passage. 
Bird. Length 9 in. Recognised by the olive-brown back, 
fan-shaped black spots on the whitish under- 
parts, except on the flanks, which are striated. 
Distinguished from the Continental form by 
the more reddish-brown of the upper-parts 
and a deeper, somewhat rufous-buff on the 
breast. 
Nest. In bushes, hedges, trees, banks, ivy, 
rarely on the ground. Material: grass, moss, 
twigs, &c., lined with a smooth plaster com- 
posed of one or more of the following materials : 
decayed wood or vegetable matter, mud, dung, 
chips of straw, or stems. 
iggs. Usually 4-5. Blue with black spots. 
Ay. size, 1'11x°82 in. Laying begins Feb.- 
March. Broods 2-3. 
42. Redwing [ Turdus musicus Linneus (1758) ; Turdus thacus 
Linneeus (1766)]. Common winter visitor and bird of passage. 
Bird. Length 85 in. Distinguished from the preceding 
forms by the rich red on the flanks—not on the wing as the 
