ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 107 
have not been as accurately described here as in the 
fore-wings. Easy of recognition, capable of being 
committed to paper, if not to memory, at once and 
without any dissection, unfailing in their accuracy 
of definition, it would be impossible to overrate the 
importance of these characters for this purpose. But 
it would be useless to try to convey a correct idea of 
the arrangement of all these markings without the 
aid of diagrams or properly arranged specimens. 
With the aid, however, of a correct drawing or of 
a wing spread out on a piece of white paper, we 
may learn most of this important lesson without 
difficulty. 
Fig. 4.—Nervures of the wings 
of the hornet. 
The four cubital or submar- 
ginal cells are indicated by the 
numbers. 
Thus,—on the front edge of the fore-wing is a 
dark spot called the stigma. A line curving out- 
wards and backwards from this point forms the 
posterior boundary of an elongated oval space. This 
line is the radial nervure, and this space is the radial 
or marginal cell. To the posterior convex side of 
this cell parts of four spaces fit. These are the 
cubital, called also the sub-marginal cells ;* for no- 
menclature has been very busy, causing confusion 
* See an elaborate paper by Mr. Shuckard, whose nomenclature 
I have adopted side by side with that of Latreille, in the ‘ Transac- 
tions of the Entomological Society of London,’ Vol. I, p. 203. 1836. 
‘A description of the superior wing of the Hymenoptera.’ There are 
ten systems of nomenclature, more or less different from each other. 
