4 : DAIRYING. 



The Babcock test furnished a means of detecting the losses of 

 butter fat in skim milk, and thus showed the need of perfecting 

 cream separators until such losses were reduced to a 'minimum. 

 Previous to the invention of the Babcock test, skim milk contained 

 at least three-tenths per cent fat, (0.3%) but this loss has now been 

 reduced to less than one-tenth per cent, (0.1%) thus making a 

 saving of two-tenths per cent, fat, (0.2%) due to the common use 

 of this test. By these means creamery buttermakers have learned 

 the necessity of controling the conditions that give a uniformly 

 efficient skimming of milk by centrifugal separators. This saving 

 of two-tenths per cent fat (0.2%) over the losses of former years 

 is five per cent (5.0%) of the fat in average whole milk, and it 

 represents a saving of $50,000 for every $1,000,000 worth of butter 

 manufactured from milk testing 4.0 per cent fat. 



4. After the value of these two machines the separator and 

 the milk tester was thoroughly understood, the dairy industry 

 began to grow rapidly along three lines. 1. The improvement of 

 dairy manufacturing processes; 2. The study of economical milk 

 production; 3. The marketing of dairy products. 



5. The study of these questions was first taken up by European 

 farmers who understood the benefits to be derived from co-opera- 

 tion; and in about 1880, farmers' co-operative associations began to 

 be organized for the purpose of carrying on co-operative feeding 

 experiments, factory inspection, and the sale of dairy products in- 

 the best markets. Such co-operation has not been extensively suc- 

 cessful among dairymen in the United States, but our dairy develop- 

 ment has been helped by state dairymens' associations, farmers' 

 institutes, state and county fairs, the farm and daily press, long 

 and short courses in agricultural colleges, and experiment station 

 bulletins. 



A Dairying Compared With Other Lines of Farming. 



6. The statement is often made at farmers' institutes and 

 similar gatherings that a change from grain farming to dairying 

 has lifted the mortgage from many a farm. The truth of this asser- 

 tion has been proved over and over again ; and numerous illustra- 

 tions might be cited to show that there are farms, counties, and 

 even states which owe their present prosperity largely to this 



