DAIRYING 57 



average daily product of the factory will be about 180 pounds 

 of butter. If 3 cents per pound is charged the patrons for mak- 

 ing the butter, this will amount to $5.40 per day, which sum is 

 available for paying running expenses. This $5.40 may be used 

 in the following way : The buttermaker's wages should be at 

 least $1.66 per day, the butter tubs, salt, color, and supplies will 

 cost about $1.00, fuel $1.00, taxes and insurance 15 cents, and 

 interest on investment 42 cents per day. The sum of these items 

 is $4.23, leaving 77 cents as the fund from which the depreciation 

 of machinery and building mut be kept up. 



641. These figures show that a creamery will be operated 

 at a loss if less than 4,000 pounds of milk, or the cream from 

 it, as an average per day is supplied to it during the entire year. 

 In some localities this amount of milk may be produced by less 

 than 300 cows, but the probabilities are that it will take more 

 than this number, as these figures mean a production of over 

 200 pounds of butter per cow per year, and the statistics of the 

 last census show that the average cow does not produce over 

 150 pounds of butter per year. If the creamery is started in a 

 locality where the average cow is not producing more than 150 

 pounds of butter per year, there should be at least 400 cows 

 pledged for the enterprise. These figures represent the mini- 

 mum volume of business that the promoters of the enterprise 

 should expect to carry on without doing it at a loss, unless local 

 conditions are such that some of the items may be reduced, or 

 the products sold at a greater margin. 



642. After it has been found that there are enough cows 

 within a reasonable distance to support a creamery, the building 

 and machinery must be provided. This is done in several ways: 



1. The Proprietary Creamery. An individual or a firm 

 may erect and equip the creamery and operate it entirely in- 

 dependent of the patrons, charging a certain price per pound for 

 making the butter. 



2. The Joint Stock Creamery. The creamery may be built 

 and operated by a joint stock company, the stock of which may 

 be bought by patrons of the creamery, by business men, or by 

 any one wishing to invest in such an enterprise. The butter 



