WELLS, PUMPS, CISTERNS, FILTERS. 107 



which should be of some light material, such as a thin 

 board or piece of sheet iron or tin, eight or nine inches 

 square. It is evident that the act of pumping will move 

 this fan up and down, from three to five inches at each 

 stroke of the handle, producing a movement of the air 

 within the well. By continuing the rod downward for a 

 few feet, and attaching to the end a block of wood two 

 or three inches -square, the water will also be sufficiently 

 agitated to prevent stagnation. 



DEEPENING WELLS. 



Many wells which fail during long drouths, could be 

 made, by deepening a few feet, to yield an abundant and 

 unfailing supply of water. But it is difficult to accom- 

 plish this by ordinary means, without endangering the 

 wall with which the well is lined. Figures 131 to 135 show 

 a set of appliances by which the work may be safely done 

 without danger to the wall, even in sandy or gravelly 

 soil. Figure 131 is a sort of well-auger of galvanized 

 iron, five inches in diameter, and of any desired length, 

 from fourteen to twenty inches. Before it is bent in 

 shape, a bias strip is cut from its lower edge, giving it 

 the shape shown in the engraving. The rod by which it 

 is worked is of wrought iron pipe one inch in diameter. 

 A T is screwed on its summit, to receive the handle, of 

 ash, or other tough wood. Figure 132 is a cylinder, also 

 of galvanized sheet-iron, six inches in diameter and two 

 feet long. It is reinforced at each end by iron bands 

 riveted on, and is perforated throughout with thin slits 

 for the admission of water when in position. Figure 133 

 is the head of the auger. It is of inch board, upon 

 which is screwed a flange with a thread, to receive the 

 lower end of the hollow rod. Figure 135 represents a 

 pross-section of this head-piece. At the lower end of the 



