APPENDIX. 105 



mode of obtaining its equivalent number, by the follow- 

 ing diagram : 



{1 eq. of Oxide of Calcium contains C Ca . 1 eq. 20.5 

 1 eq. of Sulphuric acid contains C S .' 1 e'q.' 16.'? 

 \ 03 . 3 eq. 24.0 



The equivalent number of Sulphate of Lime, 68.6 



37. Composition of Starch, Gum and Sugar : 



Starch, C u H w O w 



Gum and Cane Sugar, C 12 HU On 



Sugar of Milk, . . . C i2 H& Oi 2 



Grape Sugar, . . . Qo M u 



The above table shows that while in all the articles 

 named the Carbon remains the same, they are almost 

 identical in their chemical conwtitution, the only dif- 

 ference being the slight addition of water, or the elements 

 of water ; this will be more readily apparent from the 

 following view : 



Starch, 12 C + 10 water. 



Cane Sugar and Gum, 12 C -j- 10 water -f- 1 water. 



Sugar of Milk, . . 12 C -j- 10 water + 2 water. 



Grape Sugar, . . . 12 C + 10 water + 4 water. 



Hence, for the same number of equivalents of Carbon, 

 Starch contains of water or its elements 10 equivalents ; 

 Cane Sugar and Gum, 11 equivalents ; Sugar of Milk, 

 12 equivalents ; and Grape Sugar, 14 equivalents. 



38. Cultivation is the economy of force ; while science 

 teaches us the simplest means of obtaining the greatest 

 results with the smallest expenditure of power, and the 

 consequent development of the largest amount of force. 



