APPARATUS. 339 



every two whole c. c. will equal one grain of albumen 

 to the ounce of albumen. 



Reaction. Urines being at times either acid, neutral, 

 or alkaline, it is often interesting, not only to observe 

 as to the fact, but also as to the degree of acidity or 

 alkalinity; to accomplish this prepare the following 

 solutions: 



Test Solution for Acidity. 1\\ 1,000 grains of dis- 

 tilled water dissolve ten grains of pure hydrate of soda. 



Test Solution for Alkalinity . In 1,000 grains of 

 distilled water dissolve 15.75 grains of pure oxalic acid. 

 Equal volumes of these two solutions will exactly neu- 

 tralize each other. 



To Test the Degree of Acidity in a Sample of Urine. 

 Fill the burette with the soda solution ; measure one- 

 half fluid ounce of the urine into a wine-glass ; deliver 

 the soda from the burette into this a few drops at a 

 time, stirring well after each addition and testing with 

 litmus paper; when the mixture fails to affect the 

 latter, read the burette twice, the figures read will indi- 

 cate the number of grains of the solution employed 

 required to neutralize a fluid ounce of the urine. To 

 test for alkalinity proceed as above, using the acid solu- 

 tion in place of the soda, and also red litmus paper in 

 place of the blue. The daily variations in any particu- 

 lar case can in this manner be determined and recorded. 



Proportion per tluid Ounce of certain of the Urinary 



Constituents. 



The estimates given in this part of the table are roughly ap- 

 proximative, and represent the widest variations consistent with 



