GENEBAL PKINCIPLES. 



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60. In laying out and planting grounds, or in criticising such as are 

 already formed by eminent artists, it is necessary always to bear in mind the 

 difference between the gardenesque and the picturesque ; that is, between a 

 plantation made merely for picturesque effect, and another made for garden- 

 esque effect. Gardenesque effect in plantations is far too little attended to 

 for the beauty of the trees and shrubs, whether individually or collectively ; 

 and picturesque effect is not generally understood by gardeners ; so that the 

 scenery of suburban residences is often neutralised in character by the 

 Ignorance of professional landscape-gardeners of the gardenesque, and of 

 professional horticulturists and nurserymen of the picturesque. To make 

 the most of any place however small, all the styles of art ought to be familiar 

 to the artist ; because there are few places in which, though one style 

 prevails, some traits of other styles may not be advantageously introduced. 

 In planting, thinning, and pruning, in order to produce gardenesque effect, 

 the beauty of every individual tree and shrub, as a single object, is to be 

 taken into consideration, as well as the beauty of the mass : while in plant- 

 ing, thinning, and pruning for picturesque effect, the beauty of individual 

 trees and shrubs is of little consequence ; because no tree or shrub, in a 

 picturesque plantation or scene, should stand isolated, and each should be 

 considered as merely forming part of a group or mass. In a picturesque 

 imitation of nature, the trees and shrubs, when planted, should be scattered 

 over the ground in the most irregular manner ; both in their disposition with 

 reference to their immediate effect as plants, and with reference to their 

 future effect as trees and shrubs. In some places trees should prevail, in 

 others shrubs ; in some parts the plantation should be thick, in others it should 

 be thin ; two or three trees, or a tree and a shrub, ought often to he planted 

 in one hole, and this more especially on lawns. Where, on the contrary, trees 

 and shrubs are to be scattered in the gardenesque manner, every one should 

 stand singly ; as in the geometrical manner they should stand in regular 

 lines, or in some regular figure. In the gardenesque, there may be single 

 trees and single shrubs ; but there can be no such thing as a single tree in 

 the picturesque. Every tree, in the picturesque style of laying out grounds, 

 must always be grouped with something else, if it should be merely a shrub, 

 a twiner, or a tuft of grass or other plants at its root. In the gardenesque, 



