COUNTRY VILLAS. 



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of the ground above it, on the four sides of every square, is indicated, as in 

 the figure. The nature of the subsoil may also be shown in such sectional 

 plans (for example, whether it is stony, rocky, sandy, or gravelly) ; and, what 

 is as useful as a knowledge of the subsoil, the depth and direction of under 

 drains, the situation of springs, wells, pits, &c., may be accurately delineated. 

 The levels are obtained in the manner well known to surveyors, along the 

 lines forming the squares ; and the nature of the subsoils, mines, minerals, 

 &c., is ascertained by digging pits, boring, or trials with an iron probe. 

 Where the object does not extend beyond those of the cultivator or the land- 

 scape-gardener, the nature of the subsoil, for 3 or 4 feet below the surface, is 

 all that is required to be known ; and this can be attained with very little 

 trouble. In jig. IIS., a is the lowest point in the ground, from which point 

 the approach is made to enter; h, is a square including the highest part of the 

 groimds, on the surface of which the house and offices are placed ; c, the 

 appearance of the section when the subsoil consists of the same earths as 

 the surface soil; d, the appearance of loose stones; e, sand; /, gravel; g, a 

 hollow in the surface where there is a pump-well; and h, a hollow from 

 which brick earth has been dug. 



301. The working surf ace jilan. — Having, by means of the plans and sec- 

 tions already described, and of conversations with the proprietor and his 

 family, acquired a knowledge of what are technically called the data and 



