LARGE COUNTRY VILLAS. 



267 



staking trees to lyrotect them against the. ivind. — When single trees are planted which have 

 large heads in proportion to their roots ; or, when the situation in which tliey are placed 

 is very much exposed, they are in danger of being blown off the perpendicular, or even 

 thrown down, by high winds. This is more especially the case when the trees are planted, 

 as we reeomnieud, on little hillocks ; and this is one reason why planters have been led to 

 deep planting, or, at all events, to prefer a flat surface to a r:iised one. To retain a tree fast 

 in its place that has but few ramose roots, fix previously in an upright position, in the 

 bottom of the pit, a stake of such a length that it may be rendered firm by ramming, &c., 

 below the level of the soil which is to contain the roots of the tree, and that it may reach 

 3 or 4 feet up the stem above ground ; afterwards tie the stem of the tree to this stake, as 

 shown in Jig. 153. ; or, notch two short pieces of wood into each other, so as to form a cross ; 

 and at one of the angles of intersection fix a stake, to which the tree is to be tied, as in 

 Jig. 154. No wind whatever will blow down a tree thus supported, provided the arms of 

 the cross are long and strong. In order to give additional strength, the arms of the cross 

 may be pegged down with hooked sticks. Another mode consists in tying the tree to two 

 stakes in contact with the trunk, and deeply inserted in the soil, as shown in fig . 155. ; and 



154 



155 



the third mode we shall here mention, consists in strengthening the ramose roots of a tree 

 by tying them to pieces of branches laid on them, and in close contact wth them, througli- 



out their length, as t'hown in Jig. 156. ; thus pro- 

 ducing, in effect, large, strong, and powerful roots, 

 to act as levers to keep the trmik in its place. After 

 one of these methods of fixing the tree has been 

 adopted, it may be protected from cattle or sheep 

 by Mr. Lawrence's mode, by clothing with thorns, 

 or by a covering of laths, as already described. 



Mr. Taylor's mode of securing trees Jrom the ejf'ects 

 of wind. — Mr. Samuel Taylor, of Whittington, Stoke 

 Ferry, finding that all his newly planted trees, from 

 their great exposure to a strong wtsterly wind, bent their heads in a contrary direction, as 

 shown ia fig. 157., to keep them upright, he tried stakes and haybands, which, though firm 

 at first, he soon found of no avail ; and becoming soon, as he says, " as much chafed as his 

 trees," he had recourse to cords, by which he tied the head of the tree to the stakes, as 

 shown in fig. 158. These cords answered so well that, afterwards, he dispensed with the 

 expensive apparatus of stakes, and tied the head down by cords only attached to pieces 

 of wood driven into the ground, as shown Vifig. 159. 



