THE CANNIBAL IN EVOLUTION 161 



easily discoverable, and as regards the last any European 

 war has shown that pressure of circumstances tends to 

 integration, often temporary, but sometimes permanent. 

 An alliance, in the face of danger between races often 

 deeply opposed through the operation of racial, geo- 

 graphical, or economic factors, if both are exposed to a 

 common danger, is obviously of common occurrence. 

 In such conditions ancient differences are hastily com- 

 posed, compromised, or postponed, and a united front is 

 shown to the enemy. These facts are too common and 

 intelligible to need insistence ; but it may be pointed out 

 that on final analysis the like are in all essentials ex- 

 hibited in the enforced behaviour of animals. The dogs 

 of a village which are usually hostile to each other will 

 unite to attack an invading dog. Groups of cattle which 

 never graze together will ring round a centre and oppose 

 together a prowling beast of prey. Many more instances 

 might be cited; but the study of history itself is more 

 than sufficient to show that union is never voluntary, but 

 always enforced, while the fundamental hostility of groups 

 is still seen even in English village communities, which 

 fight when they meet, or enliven their hours of ease with 

 jests at the expense of their neighbours, though they 

 become, upon national stress, patriots and friends. But 

 as there is no need to labour this point, it may be asked 

 whether the hypothesis that the classificatory system of 

 relationship and marriage, remnants of which are visible 

 in all nations, cannot be explained by enforced integration 

 rather than by division. Such an explanation will enable 

 us to understand and classify many hitherto inexplicable 

 and obscure phenomena in tribal organization, custom, 

 and morality. 



Since anthropologists, or those interested in anthro- 

 ii 



