PHARMAKOS AND MEDICINE 263 



secondly, "to enchant or bewitch by the use of potions." 

 The word certainly goes back to the ages of magic ritual, 

 and back again to the very expulsion of Jonahs, people 

 who had no luck and brought ill luck, probably before 

 magic itself was practised. It is a natural animal instinct 

 to turn out those who seem to bring ill fortune, even 

 if there is no piacular element in such an expulsion. 

 Animals often expel some of their kind. We may compare 

 rooks and elephants and even cattle, who kill a wounded 

 member of the herd when his loud lowing might possibly 

 bring them into danger. 



Of course, it is exceedingly hard to say, when we con- 

 sider what a linguistic whirlpool Asia Minor has always 

 been, what was the actual origin of this particular word. 

 It might not originally be Turkic. There is a strange 

 tendency among certain people to attribute everything 

 unknown to the Hittites, but, as no one seems to know 

 what Hittite is, that is very little use to the investigator. 

 Vourmak may not, of course, be Turkic at all, although it is 

 a living word in the living Turkish language at the present 

 time. 



