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as stationary ; when reasons were not tested but 

 counted and balanced ; when even the later Aver- 

 roists found final answers either in Aristotle or in 

 Galen 1 . Thus in the irony of things it came to 

 pass that Harvey was withstood by the dogma of 

 Galen who, in his own day, had passionately 

 appealed from dogma to nature. 



Porphyry of Tyre, who lived in the 3rd century, 

 may be called the founder of both Arabian and 

 Christian scholastics. He was an Alexandrian, but 

 of peripatetic rather than platonic opinions. In 

 the Isagoge, or Introduction to the Categories, 

 already mentioned as translated by Boetius about 

 500 A.D., he set forth plainly a problem which 

 during the Middle Ages rent Western Europe 

 asunder ; a problem which, says John of Salisbury 2 , 



1 Yet Roger Bacon seems to have apprehended both pro- 

 gress and the relativity of truth. Before Newman, he declared 

 that God makes no full revelation but gives it in instalments ; 



* and in another passage he speaks of the judgments of 

 Aristotle, and of other great teachers, "secundum possibili- 



tatem sui temporis aliud tempus fuit tune, et aliud mine 



eat " a remarkable saying. Of the Saints he says " they had 

 their time, we have our own." Vid. also note, p. 80. 



2 Modern French historians do us the honour of annexing 

 our heroes ; in respect of the scholars of the Middle Ages 

 M. Charles Jourdain has set, or followed, this example. John 

 of Salisbury, that charming child of renascence, born out 



