51 



drills, a little out of fashion, was for the Middle Ages 

 a means of discovery, nay, the very source of truth ; 

 thus every man carried his own busy laboratory 

 within him. The heirs of Porphyry and Boetius 

 had no other method in their possession. The 

 dialectically irresistible was the true (Karakul?) ; 

 thus was man to succeed " irrefutabile aperire 

 secretum." To begin to think before beginning 

 to learn is a hollow business, yet then logic 

 furnished the theorems which experience might 

 illustrate at its leisure ; and nature was contem- 

 plated under philosophy. The differentiation of 

 psychology began with the translation of the De 

 anima 1 , and the recognition of the relation of the 

 percipient ; hence, in the second period, Roger 

 Bacon denounced the pretensions of logic, and John 

 Duns, that brilliant backslider, forced them to an 

 absurdity. Again, on the translation of the Meta- 

 physics, theology parted into the studies of the 

 doctrines of God and the soul, which belong to 

 theology proper, and of being, in modes, kinds and 



Logic. Cicero, to some of whose writings I have referred as 

 then popular, says (in many passages, e.g. in the Acad. I. and 

 II.) that philosophy " Prima reruin naturam scrutatur, secunda 

 animum compouit, tertia bene disserendi rationem docet." 

 1 Vid. note, p. 77. 



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