57 



for us to argue from it to God ; we must 

 argue from God to things. Analysis is a disin- 

 tegrating function ; the departure of the scientific 

 enquirer is rather from below upwards : it is not 

 only his bias but also his deliberate method to 

 decline to use the discipline and the conceptions 

 of higher categories until he is satisfied that those 

 of the lower are inadequate. A certain natural 

 process may not be attributed to those of chemistry 

 until those of physics are proved to be inadequate ; 

 to another process biological conceptions and 

 methods are denied until those of physics first, 

 and then of chemistry, have been tried and found 

 wanting ; psychological conceptions are denied to 

 another until in their turns the physical, the 

 chemical, and the physiological are exhausted 1 ; 

 and so on : and within each category the same 

 economy prevails. Now this scientific economy, 

 perhaps first formulated, or effectively used, by 

 William Ockham, in the phrase "entia non sunt 

 multiplicanda " known as " Ockham 's rasor" is 

 what is called now-a-days " materialism " ; and 

 there is no doubt that the method, legitimate, nay, 



1 "Nemo psychologus nisi prius physiologus," said Johannes 

 Miiller. 



^?. 



OF THE 



UNIVERSITY 



