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from these again the Arabs, in their brief and 

 brilliant culture, made translations ; for no Arab 

 sage knew Greek. The palace of the Spanish 

 Caliphs in the tenth century was a workshop of 

 translators, and a huge storehouse of books. The 

 learned and ubiquitous Jew carried texts and 

 translations from Bagdad to Morocco, and from 

 Morocco to Toledo, Paris, Oxford and Cologne ; but 

 translations made in Bagdad in the ninth century 

 'did not reach Paris till the eleventh or twelfth. 

 Among the earliest of these renderings in the 

 West were works on medicine, mathematics, and 

 astronomy, which in the Schools of Toledo and 

 Cordova, by Constantinus Africanus at Monte 

 Cassino (including certain treatises of Hippocrates 

 and Galen), by Gerard of Cremona (a Salernitan 



spiritual principles independent of matter and persons. In no 

 long time this was turned into the unity, as opposed to the 

 individuality, of the soul ; the universal soul dipping as it were 

 into the individual, and at his death returning into the uni- 

 versal ; a virtual denial of personal immortality. Hence the 

 bitter defiance of Albert and St Thomas. The Averroistic 

 doctrines were enthusiastically propagated on the other hand 

 by that " malleus Ecclesiae Romanae " Frederick the Second 

 (1212 1250). The Arabian science consisted in medicine, 

 mathematics, astronomy, and alchemy. Averroes it was who 

 first asserted the independence of the spheres of science 

 and religion ; a division popular at the present day, and one 

 which lent itself to many a convenient subterfuge, in Padua. 



