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Bacon, was dead, and during the two following 

 centuries, in Spain at any rate, freedom of thought 

 was crushed out by the Church. In the fourteenth 

 and fifteenth centuries the very name of Averroes 

 of "the mad dog who barked against the Christ," 

 the "Averroem impium KOI rpU Kardparov" of 

 Erasmus began to signify loose life as well as free 

 thought. Of this resentment there had been no 

 trace in Albert or St Thomas ; but Imola had begun 

 to wonder why Dante had treated so well Averroes 

 who, if the Great Commentator, was yet the father 

 of infidels. The Dominicans controlled the fine 

 arts, and for them, at Pisa, at Siena, in the 

 Spanish Chapel, Orcagna, Gaddi, Spinello Aretino, 

 Simone Memmi abased the Empire, Averroes, and 

 the new learning far more intolerantly than Dante 

 had done ; and exalted the Pope, with his hand- 

 maids Theology, Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. 

 In Santa Maria Novella, Memmi represents the 

 triumph of the Dominicans in theology, Gaddi in 

 philosophy ; St Thomas and the Dominicans march 

 triumphant over Arius, Sabellius, Averroes, and 

 Savonarola. Thus in the Middle Ages Averroes 

 appeared in two forms first as the Great Com- 

 mentator, later as the blasphemer and father of 



