194 SCIENCE AND THE HUMAN MIND 



The expedition was declared to be " entirely for 

 scientific purposes," and Charles Darwin sailed on 

 board as official " Naturalist." 



A few years later (1839), Joseph Hooker (1817-1911), 

 son of the well-known botanist Sir W. J. Hooker, 

 joined Sir James Ross's Antarctic expedition and spent 

 three years studying plant life amid the frozen seas ; 

 proceeding later on to the northern frontiers of 

 India, on an expedition of which the cost was also 

 partly defrayed by the Government. 



In 1846, T. H. Huxley left England as surgeon in 

 the Rattlesnake, and spent several years surveying 

 and charting in Australian waters ; his eager mind 

 and keen powers of observation chafing at the lack 

 of opportunity given for accurate scientific observa- 

 tions of general interest. 



Thus three of the men who played a chief part in 

 revolutionizing the thought of the nineteenth century, 

 each served an apprenticeship on one of the scientific- 

 ally planned voyages of exploration. 



The culminating point of organized discovery and 

 research on the grand scale was reached in the despatch 

 of the Challenger in 1872, to cruise for several 

 years in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific, and 

 to take a long series of records dealing with every 

 branch of oceanography, meteorology, and natural 

 history that came under the notice of the explorers. 



The chemistry of the complicated substances which 



are found in the bodies of plants and animals is chiefly 



Organic tne chemistry of the remarkable element 



Chemistry, carbon. The atoms of carbon possess 

 the unique property of combining with each other, 



