146 



AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURE. 



that it takes the pipe up gradually, without any readjust- 

 ing or re-fixing of the chain. 



Helpful in Driving Pipes or Stakes. 



The usual method of driving pipes, 



stakes, &c., is to strike them on the 



upper end with a maul or other heavy 



hammer. When driving long poles or 



the pipes of a tube-well this mode is 



impracticable. But the driving, if in 



sandy or soft ground, may be done 



quickly, and without a high step or 



platform, by using the device shown in 



the illustration. This consists of a 



block of tough wood 1 foot in length, 



4 or 5 inches square at the top, made 



tapering as shown, with the part next 



the pipe slightly hollowed out. Take a 



common trace-chain, wind closely about 



the pipe or pole, and hook it in 



position. With maul, axe or sledge, 



strike upon the block. Each blow serves 



only to tighten the grip of the chain. To keep the chain from 



falling to the ground when unfastened from the pole it should 



pass through a hole bored through the block, as shown at B, 



one end of the chain being fixed on staple, E. 



Pumping. Centrifugal and various others pumps are 



used for raising water ; the quantity, height for delivery, 



sizes of pipes, flumes, &c., being matters of calculation and 



engineering skill, which are dealt with fully in many works 



on that subject. 



Water as a Pumping 

 Power. In places where there 

 is plenty of water, or where 

 from 8 to 12 parts of what 

 passes through a water raising: 

 machine can be used that one 

 part might be raised, then 

 hydraulic, turbine and other 

 machines may be used with 



Hjdmnlic Water Rair. good effect. The Water in 



