POR 



I5(J]l 



use where tlicre is a great super- 

 abundance of manual lal)our, and only 

 a small quantity of hones rcciuired. 



A A is the frame of a hone mill 

 strongly fixed to tlie floor ; B, the 

 axis of the machinery, which is turn- 

 ed by the lever C C, to which the 

 power is applied ; E E is a horizon- 

 tal wheel with bevelled teeth moving 

 a vertical wheel, F, on the axis of 

 which one of the cylinders v-ith 

 grooves and teeth is fixed. At the 

 other end of the axis is a smaller 

 wheel, G, turning a similar one, H, 

 on the axis of the other cylinder, ma- 

 king the toothed surfaces turn to- 

 wards each other, and thus crushing 

 between them the bones which the 

 hopper, O, supplies. Another pair of 

 cylinders, similar to the first, but with 

 smaller teeth, are turned by means of 

 the intermediate wheel, I, working in 

 the wheel, L, fixed to the axis, on 

 which is a larger wheel, M, working 

 in a pinion which turns the cylindri- 

 cal sieve, N. The arrows indicate 

 the direction of the motion. 



BONE SPAVIN. A disease of the 

 hock joint in horses, brought on by 

 over exertion. While forming there 

 is continued lameness. Blisters and 

 rest sometimes effect a perfect cure. 

 Spavined horses are useful for slow 

 work ; they are most inconvenienced 

 in the act of rising. 



BORAGE. Borago officinalis. A 

 rough weed growing two feet high. 

 It is used as a fallow crop in Ger- 

 many, and, according to Lampadius, 

 contains nitre. It seems to be admi- 

 rably adapted for this purpose. 



BORAX. Borate of soda, used as 

 a flux in welding steel, &c. 



BORDER. In gardening, the edg- 

 es of beds. They are frequently well 

 trenched and manured, so as to be 

 made the richest parts of the garden ; 

 hence, when we are directed to plant 

 in borders, it is usually meant that 

 deep, good soil, and free space are re- 

 quired. 



BORECOLE, or KALE. A species 

 of winter cabbage with divided leaves 

 and open heads. The principal varie- 

 ties are, Green Scotch Kale, German 

 Curled, Purple, Jerusalem, Cesarean 

 I OS 



Kale, and Thousajid-hcaded Cabbage. 

 The last two grow to four feet, and 

 yield large numbers of sprouts. 



The seed is sown in May : plants 

 are set out in July. They will be 

 found best after slight frost, and may 

 be kept like cabbages during winter. 

 The stocks, in spring, send out abun- 

 dant tender shoots. An ounce of 

 prime seed will yield nearly four 

 thousand plants. They are so infe- 

 rior to other plants of the cabbage 

 kind as to be scarcely worth cultiva- 

 tion. 



BORERS. Beetles and other in- 

 sects, the worms of which -burrow 

 into the bark, wood, or roots of trees. 

 There is a large number of genera 

 and species, some peculiar to one tree 

 or shrub, others common to several. 

 The perfect beetle is usually seen in 

 June and July, either about the trunk, 

 or searching for food in flowers, &.c. 

 Their place while buried in the tree 

 is known by the holes they leave 

 through the bark. They reside often 

 two years in this way as worms and 

 grubs. Where woodpeckers are en- 

 couraged in orchards, the trees are 

 kept pretty free from their ravages ; 

 but in New-England they do much 

 damage, and are sought for, and de- 

 stroyed by iron wires, small augers, 

 and other direct means. Catching 

 the mature beetle is much more ad- 

 vantageous, and taking care to have 

 the bark well cleaned, and washed 

 with whale oil soap, lime-water, 

 pitch, strong lye, &c., at the time 

 the eggs are deposited in July. The 

 eggs are usually deposited on the 

 trunk near the ground. 



Many of the borers belong to the 

 Capricorn family, having long anten- 

 nae. The fol- 

 lowing figures 

 represent two 

 common bo- 

 rers. A, the 

 female apple- 

 tree borer. B, 

 the peach-tree 

 borer. 



1 he locust, J Apple tr^e Borer 



and all the vari- (Sapcnia bMuata). 

 eties of pine and fir trees, are severely 



