CAR 



UAS 



Seeds. — Tiiese are procureil by set- 

 ling out fine roots in the spring. 



CART. The one-horse two-wheel- 

 ed carriage of husbandmen. They are 

 considered superior to the wagon by 

 Scotch farmers. A carl load is gen- 

 erally about thirty to thirty-five bush- 

 els of manure. Mr. Rham remarks : 

 "For agricultural purposes, various 

 kinds of carts have been invented. 

 The capacious tumbril for carting 

 earth and dung, with broad wheels to 

 prevent their sinking in soft ground, 

 is too generally known to require de- 

 scription. The best constructed carts 

 have iron axles with the ends or arms 

 turned smooth, and very slightly con- 

 ical. The boxes in the naves of the 

 wheels, which receive the arms, are 

 made of cast iron, and ground smooth, 

 so as to require only a small quantity 

 of grease or oil to make the wheels 

 run easily, without allowing any play 

 or side motion. It is usual to give 

 the axle a bend at the place where it 

 enters the v.heel, by which means 

 the planes of the wheels are made to 

 diverge from each other, and give 

 more room for the body of the cart ; 

 but this is decidedly wrong. It is 

 clearly proved that the draught is 

 least when the arms are quite hori- 

 zontal ; and if the^vheels are slightly 

 dished, that is, if the spokes are driv- 

 en into the nave obliquely, so as to 

 throw the rim a little beyond the per- 

 pendicular, the lower part of the 

 spokes in each wheel will slightly di- 

 verge, and give greater steadiness 

 to the whole. When the axle is bent, 

 the rim of a broad-wheeled cart must 

 be slightly conical, in order that it 

 may rest Hat on the ground ; and it 

 is easily proved that in this case the 

 load is dragged on the road at every 

 revolution, along a space equal to the 

 difference between the greater and 

 lesser circumference of the rim of 

 the wheel, giving unnecessary work 

 to the horses, and greatly injuring 

 the roads. The light Scotch cart, 

 drawn by one horse, is justly consid- 

 ered as the most advantageous for 

 transporting earth, lime, or dung, es- 

 pecially in iiilly countries. It is low 

 and short, so that the horse draws 



very near the centre of gravity, and 

 there is little power lost by obliquity. 

 The loads may be so adjusted as to 

 bear more or less on the horse, ac- 

 cording to the declivity ; and expe- 

 rience has proved that more weight 

 can be transported by a given number 

 of horses, when each is attached to 

 a single Scotch cart, than when three 

 or four draw together, except it be on 

 very level and hard roads, or when 

 the horses move at a quick pace. 

 The objection made to single-horse 

 carts, that each requires a man to 

 drive it, is obviated in Scotland, 

 where the horses are trained to fol- 

 low each other, and one man can at- 

 tend to several carts and horses." 



CARTHAMUS. See Safflower. 



CARTIL.VGE. The same as gris- 

 tle. It is almost identical in compo- 

 sition with skin, and yields, when 

 perfectly dry, eighteen per cent, of 

 nitrogen. Liebig regards it as pro- 

 tein, combined with ammonia. 



CARYA. The generic name of 

 the Hickory. 



CARYOPHILLOUS. Flowers like 

 the fink and clove are so called. 



CASCARILLA BARK. A drug 

 having tonic and aromatic qualities. 



CASEOUS. Relating to caseum. 



CASEUM. Pure curd of mUk. It 

 is also found in beans, pease, and le- 

 guminous plants, and m small quan- 

 tity in most seeds. It differs from 

 albumen and fibrin only in not being 

 coagulated by heat, and containing 

 more sulphur. Cheese is caseum, for 

 the most part ; like other protein bod- 

 ies, it is capable of sustaining life. 

 When moist, it decays and putrefies 

 like animal matter, but is preserved 

 when dry, or prepared with salt. 



CASSAVA. The starch obtained 

 from the roots of the Jatrophamamhot 

 of the West Indies. See Tapioca. 



CASTANEA. The generic name 

 of the chestnut-tree. 



CASTOR-OIL PL.\NT. The Ri- 

 cinus communis, commonly called Pai- 

 ma Chrisli from the leaves. In the 

 East Indies it is a tree, but becomes 

 an annual in the United States, and 

 is cultivated as far north as New- 

 Jersey, and abundantly in the West. 



133 



