CHU 



CIC 



warmth are the means to be used in 

 restoring persons overcome with this 

 vapour. 



CHOLESTERINE {fromxo'/n, '"''•. 

 and areap, suet). A fatty matter re- 

 sembling spermaceti, found in the bile 

 and biliary concretions. 



CHOLEIC ACID. Liebig regards 

 the animal matter of the bile as cho- 

 leic acid, the secretion being a soap 

 formed by its union with soda. C/wlic 

 and rholnidic acids are separated by 

 alcohol and other solvents, and are of 

 secondary consequence. Redtenba- 

 cher has recently discovered lu-cnty- 

 S1X per cent, of sulphur in choleic acid. 



CHONDRINE. Gristle, or carti- 

 lage. It consists of protein with wa- 

 ter, or, according to Liebig, protein 

 -f 20, -i-4 water. 



CHORD. A straight line drawn 

 between the two extremities of the 

 arc of a curve. The chord of an arch 

 is its span. 



CHOROID MEMBRANE. The 

 membrane of the eye within the white 

 coat. 



CHROMATIC (from A'p«/^«'. co/- 

 our). In optics, relating to colour. 



CHRONIC (from xpo^oQ, time). 

 Diseases which are slow in their prog- 

 ress are called chronic. 



CHRYSALIS. The grub or inac- 

 tive state of changeable insects. The 

 terms pupa and aurealian are synony- 

 mous. Some are enclosed in cocoons, 

 others are destitute of covering, and 

 buried in the earth or in trees. Moths 

 usually have rounded and butterflies 

 angular chrysales. 



CHURN. The barrel in which the 

 butter of milk is separated. The 

 common plunging churn is described 

 in the article Butter. Another form 

 is a barrel with paddles moving upon 

 a central axis, which is turned by a 

 handle on the outside. Churns are 

 moved by horse or dog power, water, 

 and even steam-engines. A simple 

 plan is to affix the rods of several 

 plunging churns to a cross-bar attach- 

 ed to a lever, one end of which is fast- 

 ened lo a wall or tree by a moveable 

 joint ; by moving the free end of the 

 lever, all the sticks are raised or de- 

 pressed together, and thus four or 

 158 



more churns are set in action by one 

 person. The French use a churn 

 made of tin, which being placed in a 

 tub of warm water, can be warmed 

 directly, and be made to yield butter 

 in from ten to twelve minutes. 



CHURNING. From a series of 

 experiments made for the Highland 

 Agricultural Society, it appears that 

 temperature of 50° or 55° Fahrenheit 

 is the best for the process (with 

 cream), and about two hours' work. 

 If the churning be continued after the 

 formation of butter it becomes soft, 

 and sometimes looses its colour. 

 When the whole milk is used it should 

 be warmed to 65° Fahrenheit. As 

 this point is easily managed in sum- 

 mer as well as in winter, it is best to 

 use the entire milk. An additional 

 argument is, that more butter is ob- 

 tained, Mr. Ballantyne having shown 

 that more than five per cent, is ob- 

 tained in summer from milk than 

 cream. 



CHYLE. The milky fluid result- 

 ing from digestion. It is almost iden- 

 tical with milk, and owes its white 

 colour to fat suspended in it. The 

 chyle is carried directly into the veins, 

 and serves to repair the blood em- 

 ployed in maintaining the functions 

 of the boJ^'. It is alkaline, and con- 

 tains albumen and fibrin. 



CHYLIFICATION. The produc- 

 tion of chyle. 



CHYME. The solid parts result- 

 ing from digestion, which are first 

 white from admixture with chyle, but 

 ultimately become converted into fec- 

 ulent matter. Chyme is slightly acid, 

 from the presence of lactic acid. 



CICADA. A genus of insects re- 

 lated to the grasshopper and locust, 

 but inhabiting trees ; they make a 

 shrill sound. The dry fly of the 

 South is a species (C. caniatlans). 

 The cicada;, by puncturing trees and 

 allowing their sap to exude, do much 

 harm ; the C. orni produces, in tliis 

 way, the manna of the druggists, by 

 wounding the Fraxinus ornus, or 

 manna ash-tree. The seventeen- 

 vear locust is the C. scplevdecim. 



CICATRIX. The scab of a wound 

 in the act of healing. 



