cm 



CIA 



CINNAMON Lauras annamo- 

 mum. This is a small tree, from 

 twenty to thirty feet hijfh, iiuli<.'enotis 

 to Ceylon and the Eastern islands, 

 but cultivated in Cayenne, Ejzypt, 

 and Brazil. The spice consists of 

 the inner hark of the branches ; its 

 flavour is due to an essential oil ea- 

 sily distilled. 



CINylEFOIL. Several species 

 of PotcHidla with yellow flowers are 

 so called. They are weeds, the roots 

 of which are astringent. 



CIRC INN ATE. In botany, the 

 manner in which the buds of ferns 

 and some other plants are folded, re- 

 seml)ling a crosier. 



CIRCULATION. In physiology, 

 the route which the fluids or blood 

 of animals and plants lake through 

 the system. It differs with the spe- 

 cies of animals, but is nearly uniform 

 in the highest classes. 



The circulaliou of the blood in man 

 and quadrupeds may be said to com- 

 mence on tlie right side of the heart, 

 from whence it is driven along the 

 pulvionary arteries into the structure 

 of the lungs; being here changed by 

 the action of air, the bright crimson 

 blood is conveyed by the pulmonanj 

 veins into the lelt side of the heart, 

 and thence driven by its contraction 

 along the aorta and throughout the 

 body in the system of vessels called 

 arteries. The arterial blood ultimate- 

 ly reaching the skin and membranes, 

 moves through them and becomes of 

 a dark colour ; in this state it enters 

 the veins, and is conveyed back to the 

 heart qgain to pass through the same 

 Course. The circulation m the lungs 

 is termed the lesser or pulmonic cir- 

 culation ; that through the body, the 

 systemii. circulation. The object of 

 th>s movement is to supply every part 

 with its proper nourishment. The 

 force which accomplishes it is the 

 chemical action taking place in the 

 minute or capillary vessels. See Dr. 

 Draper's work on Vegetable Chemistry. 



CIRCULATION IN PLANTS. 

 Fluid entering the roots of plants 

 rises by capillary action along the 

 cellular tissue or new wood in trees, 

 and diffuses itself over the leaves ; 



160 



here a chemical change occurs, and 

 it is driven along the under side of the 

 leaf to the space between the bark 

 and new wood, where the changed 

 fluid or sap diffuses itself and sui)- 

 plies the young buds, and also de- 

 scend-s to the roots, forming new 

 wood and rootlets in its passage. 

 The force producing this circulation 

 is. like the former, due to chemical 

 changes in a great measure. 



CIRRUS. A tendril. 



CITRIC ACID. The sour princi- 

 ple of lemons. See Acids. 



CITRON. A variety of lemon, the 

 fruit of which is much larger and with 

 a thicker rind, used for preserving ; 

 the pulp is less, and acid as in the 

 lemon. 



CITRUS. The generic name of 

 the orange, lemon, and lime tree. 



CLARIFICATION. The process 

 of clearing or refining fluids, by which 

 they are freed from sediment. The 

 white of egg, the clear portions of 

 blood, clay, and charcoal powder are 

 the best clarifiers. 



CL.A.RY. A species of sage {Sal- 

 via sclarea). It is seldom cultivated 

 in the United States, being inferior 

 to that aromatic herb. 



CLASPERS. Tendrils. 



CLASS. A general division of nat- 

 ural objects. 



CLAVATE (from clara, a club). 

 Club-shaped. A descriptive term in 

 botany. 



CLAVICLE. The collar bone. 



CL.\Y. The earth which is form- 

 ed from the decomposition of slates, 

 shales, and minerals containing much 

 alumina. It is a hydrated silicate of 

 alumina, usually coloured red or blue 

 by metals, hut sometimes, as in pipe 

 clay and porcelain clay, of its natural 

 white or gray colour. It is very plas- 

 tic, adhesive, and tenacious of water, 

 .so that in soils containing seventy 

 per cent, it is almost impossible to 

 produce a good Ullage. It also pos- 

 sesses the property of forming feeble 

 combinations with the ammonia of 

 the air or soil. Clay soils, when 

 manageable, arc usually fertile, from 

 the presence of other minerals occur- 

 1 ring in them, so that in practice it is 



