CLI 



CLO 



from four ends in the place of two ; 

 lliis contrivancn will aHord a facility 

 in the work, and have a draft of wind 

 at two entrances. 



CLEANING. The after-birth of 

 cows, ewes, &c. 



CLEARING LANDS. The remo- 

 val of obstructions to tillage. Much 

 information on this subject will be 

 found in the article Barren Lands. 

 The heavy operation is the removal 

 of trees. Two methods arc in com- 

 mon use : either to cut a ring: of bark 

 and wood out around the trunk, at a 

 foot or two from the pround, and kill 

 the tree, or to cut it down altogether 

 during the early summer, and leave 

 the trunk to dry on the ground. In 

 the first case, grasses, and, indeed, 

 corn can be cultivated among the 

 dead trees, and thus the land is made 

 to produce sooner ; but there is risk 

 from the fall of limbs. The dead for- 

 est can be burned during summer, 

 the ashes serving to enrich the land 

 for some time. When the trees are 

 felled they are divided into lengths 

 of twelve feet or more, and drawn 

 out of the cleared space, or split and 

 burned, a suitable amount of fence- 

 rails being obtained. In bolh these 

 operations the stumps remain to dis- 

 figure the land ; it has therefore been 

 proposed to draw the trees down by 

 a strong chain made fast to their up- 

 per limbs, and pulled by oxen or a 

 windlass. This will scarcely answer 

 with large trees, unless the roots are 

 cut through by an axe. The cultiva- 

 tion of cleared lands is necessarily 

 very imperfect ; corn, tobacco, hemp, 

 and cotton are found the best crops. 



CLEAVAGE OF MINERALS. 

 Minerals which have a regular crys- 

 talline form can only be split or cleav- 

 ed with ea.se in planes corresponding 

 to their sides ; hence, to discover the 

 shape of the crystal, the mineral is 

 split. 



CLEFT GRAFTING. See Graft: 

 intr. 



^CLEFTS. In farriery, cracks in 

 the heels of horses. 



CLEVIS. The draught iron of the 

 plough. 



CLIMATE. The temperature and 



164 



I liability to winds, rain, &c., of any 

 i place. Those places always enjoy 

 j the mildest climates which are situ- 

 ated near seas, lakes, or large bodies 

 of water ; they also receive most 

 rain. Climate exerts the most im- 

 ! portant effects on plants, so that they 

 I refuse to grow at places very remote 

 ' from their original stations ; but by 

 long-continued attention, and the use 

 of seeds obtained from the highest 

 limits, a few have been naturalized 

 even far north. One very interesting 

 result takes place in the cultivation 

 of plants in the extreme limits of 

 their zone. They usually bear fruit 

 much sooner (in annuals), and the 

 fruit is increased in delicacy and pulp. 

 This is true of staple crops also, 

 which are better in their most north- 

 ern positions than in the original 

 place of growth, as cotton, hemp, and 

 flax. But the rule does not apply to 

 oily or saccharine plants ; and many 

 annuals become perennials in north- 

 ern positions. 



CLINANTHIUM. The flat sur- 

 face in which many composite flow- 

 ers are arranged, as the sunflower. 



CLINKSTONE. A hard, slaty 

 mineral. 



CLOACA. The common cavity 

 in which the intestines and urinary 

 apparatus terminate in fish, birds, 

 reptiles, and some larger animals. 



CLOD-CRUSHERS. See Roller. 



CLOTHING HORSES. It keeps 

 the coat fine, and in northern lati- 

 tudes is very useful in preserving 

 health. 



CLOUD. A mass of vapour, simi- 

 lar to a fog, suspended in the air. The 

 height varies with the density, but 

 seldom exceeds two miles. Clouds 

 differ in form, transparency, &c., ac- 

 cording to the amount of vapour of 

 water they contain and the wind 

 which drives them. Meteorologists 

 divide them into three classes : 1st. 

 Cirrus, which is a light, branching 

 cloud ; 2d. Cumulus, a conical mass 

 of clouds; 3d. 67ra/!/s, which consists 

 of horizontal layers. Every variety 

 occurs, compounded of these primary 

 forms. 



Clouds owe their origin to a par 



