CUL 



silicate of soda and lead, and is prob- 

 ably over-estimated as a manure. 



CULM. Stems winch, like the 

 straw of grain, sustain the flowers at 

 a distance from the leaves. It is also 

 used as a synonyme for anthracite in 

 England. 



CULMIFEROUS PLANTS. The 

 cerealia and grasses. 



CULTIVATOR. The same as a 

 horse hoe. Cultivators consist of 

 one hoe or tine, or many. They are 

 used to loosen the soil in drill hus- 

 bandry, and pass where the plough 

 would be too cumbrous. They also 

 destroy weeds by scraping them from 

 the surface and cutting their roots. 

 The tines are of every form, either 

 curved forward like a claw, made 



Fig. 1 



CUL 



like a double mould-board in minia- 

 ture, long and sharp, or like sharp 

 hoes, according to the objects of the 

 farmer. The frame on which they 

 are fastened is like a triangular har- 

 row, and capable of being widened 

 at pleasure. The several kinds of 

 tines should be purchased with the 

 frame, so as to be inserted into the 

 mortices when wanted. 



Bemenl's and Van Bergen's culti- 

 vators are well known in the Nor- 

 thern States. In Virginia, a strong 

 one-tine, or coulter, is used to prepare 

 new land. The following figures rep- 

 resent simple hoes and the most im- 

 proved ; they are all without patent, 

 being English or Scotch implements. 



In Fig. 1 the hoe is intended for 





cutting and scraping in a narrow I nips: the wheel regulates the deptn 

 space, as between carrots or pars- 1 of the hoe. Fig. 2 is used to scrape 



a wide surface, and is valuable in 

 weeding ; the iron blade (b) inclines 

 downward, so as to cut the soil. 

 These can be made in any village. 



Fig. 3 represents Weirs admirable 

 cultivator of nine coulters, or hoes ; 

 it may be used to stir the soil or to 

 open drills. The beam (a) moves on 

 the support (c), so as to regulate the 

 depth of the hoes. 



Wilkie's horse hoe and drill har- 

 row {Fig. 4) is also a favourite im- 

 plement ; the first three hoes are so 

 fixed as to open drills, and the tines 

 216 



behind scrape the soil to a depth reg- 

 ulated by the grading of the front 

 wheel. 



Finlaysoyis cleaning cultivator or 

 harrow (F(o-. 5) is entirely of iron ; it 

 has the following advantages : 



" 1. From the position in which 

 the tines are fixed, their points {a, a, 

 a, a, a) hanging nearly on a parallel 

 to the surface of the land, it follows 

 that this implement is drawn with the 

 least possible waste of power. 2. 

 From the curved form of the tines, 

 all stubble, couch, &c., that the tines 



