CUL 



CUP 



Bpward into the openings (/, g, h, ?', k) 

 the fore tines (/, /, /, /) will be allow- 

 ed to enter the soil about an inch and 

 a half deeper by each movement into 

 the different spaces, until the regu- 

 lator is thrown up to e, when the 

 harrow is given its greatest power, 

 and will then be working at the depth 

 of eight or nine inches. Also, the 

 axletree of the hind wheels is moved 

 between o and p, a space of seven or 

 eight inches, by a screw through the 

 axletree, which is turned by a small 

 handle {q), so that the hind part of 

 the harrow, by this simple mode, is 

 also regulated to the depth at which 

 it is found necessary to work. 4. 

 When the harrow is drawn to the 

 head or foot lands, the regulator is 

 pressed down to d, and the fore wheel 

 (wi) is then allowed to pass under the 

 fore bar (n), by which the nose of 

 the harrow is lifted, and the points 

 of the fore tines (/, I, I, I) will then 

 be taken two or three inches out of 

 the soil, which affords the means of 

 turning the harrow with the greatest 

 facility. 5. Being made of malleable 

 iron, its durability may be said to be 

 endless ; whereas, if made of wood, 

 the prime cost would be entirely lost 

 at the end of every five or six years. 

 Lastly, the mode of working is so 

 easy, that any boy of ten or twelve 

 years of age is perfectly qualified to 

 manage it." 



Cultivators are occasionally called 

 grubbers, scarifiers, harrows, &c., ac- 

 cording to the figure of the tines. 



Several broad share cultivators for 

 Indian corn, beans, &c., have been 

 recently brought out by Mr. Langdon, 

 which clean a large surface, and, at 

 the same time, pulverize the soil 

 without penetrating deep enough to 

 disturb the growing roots. They re- 

 semble double mould-board ploughs. 



CULVERT. " An arched channel 

 of masonry built beneath the bed of 

 a canal, for the purpose of conduct- 

 ing water under the canal. If the 

 water to be conveyed has nearly the 

 same level as the canal, the culvert 

 is built in the form of an inverted si- 

 phon, and acts on the principle of a 

 water pipe. This word also signifies 

 318 



any arched channel for water under 

 ground." 



CUMIN. Cuininuin cyminum. A 

 plant cultivated in Sicily for its bitter 

 aromatic seeds : used in confections, 

 and to flavour cheese. It is umbel- 

 liferous ; requires a dry, rich soil ; 

 bears the second year, and does not 

 differ in its management from cori- 

 ander. 



CUNEATE, CUNEIFORM (from 

 cuncus, a wedge). Used in botany, 

 to describe any surface which is an- 

 gular, with the length considerably 

 exceeding the width. 



j CUPEL. " A shallow earthen ves- 

 sel, somewhat of a cup shape, gener- 

 ally made of bone earth. It is used 

 in the assays of the precious metals, 

 which are fused upon a cupel with 

 lead. Cupellation means the refining 

 of gold or silver upon a cupel." 



! CUPPING. In this operation a 

 cup-shaped glass is used, into which 

 the large flame of a spirit lamp is 

 momentarily introduced, so as to ex- 

 pel a great part of its air by dilata- 



; tion ; it is then instantly applied to 



I some part of the body, which is for- 

 ced into it by the external pressure ; 

 and on removing the glass a circular 

 red mark is left, from the propulsion 

 of the blood in the small vessels of 

 the part : this is called dry cupping. 

 It is generally followed up by making 

 a number of incisions in the part by 

 means of an instrument called a scar- 

 ificator, from which the blood oozes, 

 and from which a considerable por- 

 tion may be drawn by again applying 

 the cupping glass. Cupping, when 

 well performed, is not a very painful 

 or disagreeable operation, and is an 

 excellent mode of local blood-letting. 

 When the operator is not dexterous, 

 it is not only painful, but often dan- 

 gerous in its consequences. The 

 bleeding may generally be easily stop- 

 ped by a piece of lint or soft rag ; 

 but this should be looked after. — 

 {Brande's Enci/clopasdia.) 



CUPULIFER.E (from cupa, a cup). 

 A natural order of arborescent or 

 shrubby exogenous plants, inhabiting 

 all temperate and some hot climates. 

 They are distinguished by their amen- 



