FIS 



FLA 



the second or nursing ponds 1000 to i 

 1200 carp and 1500 tench will be 

 enough per acre, and in the third pond 

 400 to 500 will be enough : these va- 

 rieties will inhabit muddy waters. 

 The perch and trout require clear wa- 

 ters ; 600 to the acre is an abun- 

 dance. The varieties of fine bass, 

 especially the Otsego, should be cul- 

 tivated. Eels are worthy of ponds, 

 and can be raised without any diffi- 

 culty. Pike are to be cautiously 6x- 

 cluded from ponds containing any of 

 the foregoing fish, and all breeding 

 places. The tench, carp, gold-fish, 

 and gudgeon are frequently fed with 

 meal, bread, and similar vegetable 

 matters, when raised in small, heav- 

 ily-stocked ponds. One pond answers 

 well enough with all these kinds ex- 

 cept pike and pickerel. 



FISSIPAROUS GENERATION. 

 That kind of generation which exists 

 in polypes, hydras, &c., in which the 

 parent throws out buds, or gemmules, 

 which grow like itself, and are finally 



FISSIROSTRALS. A tiibe of 

 perching birds with a very wide gape, 

 as the swallow. 



FISTULA. " A long, sinous ulcer, 

 often communicating with a larger 

 cavity, and having a smaU external 

 opening. 



"All animals are liable to fistulas, 

 but the horse more particularly so ; 

 they attack the withers and the poll. 

 They are produced by blows, by brui- 

 ses from the saddle, and whatever 

 causes inflammation ; also by the 

 presence of extraneous substances. 



" In curing this disease, it is requi- 

 site, in the first instance, to ascertain 

 the direction the fistula pursues, and 

 whether it materially interferes with 

 any of the larger blood-vessels, so as 

 to render a full incision into the parts 

 a matter of too much hazard to be 

 attempted. When secure from any 

 danger of this nature, the most effect- 

 ual practice is to lay the fistula, or 

 fistulas, when more than one, so thor- 

 oughly open as to have a complete 

 view of their internal surfaces. It is 

 not, however, necessary in the sim- 

 ple sinus, where the matter is in a 



286 



healthy stale, and requires only a suf- 

 ficient passage, but in cases where 

 the discharge, by having been long 

 detained, indurates and corrodes the 

 contiguous parts ; as the means fully 

 adequate to remove the former avail 

 little in the radical cure of tne latter, 

 a more severe practice, of course, be- 

 comes necessary. 



" When the fistular cavities have 

 been fully laid open by the knife, they 

 should be dressed with powerful caus- 

 tic compositions, until the wound pre- 

 sents a healthy appearance. Clean- 

 liness, with more mild applications, 

 should now be had recourse to, taking 

 care that the wound be not closed be- 

 fore the cavities are properly and uni- 

 formly healed." 



FIXED AIR. Carbonic acid. So 

 called from its fixed condition in 

 chalk, marble, &c. 



FIXED OILS. Such as are not 

 volatile. See Expressed Oils. 



FLAGELLIFORM (from Jlagel- 

 lum, a whip). A runner, or trailing 

 stem, is so called. 



FL.\IL. A wooden implement for 

 threshing grain, consisting of a han- 

 dle, fastened by leather thongs to a 

 moveable stick or swiple. It is a 

 slow means of thrashing grain, and 

 seldom used except for beans, which 

 are rapidly beaten out. 



FLAKE WHITE. Pure white- 

 lead. 



FL.VME. The burning gases or 

 vapours given off from fuel. 



FLANDERS HUSBANDRY. 

 " Flanders was reinarkable for the 

 cultivation of its soil long before any 

 other country north of the Alps or 

 Pyrenees. This was the natural con- 

 sequence of its commercial prosperi- 

 ty ; and although very little change 

 has taken place, and very few im- 

 provements have been introduced for 

 more than a century, it still ranks 

 foremost among agricultural coun- 

 tries. 



" It is not the richness of the soil 

 which is the cause of the abundant 

 harvests which the Flemish peasants 

 reap, but their indefatigable industry. 

 The greater part of the land in Flan- 

 ders is naturally poor ; and in exten* 



