FRU 



FUM 



greater certainty, so that a north- 

 western position is now preferred lor 

 an orchard. Gardens in which annu- 

 al vegetables only are raised should 

 ha\-e a southeastern exposure. 



The preservation of fruits, roots, &C., 

 depends more on placing them out of 

 the reach of sudden changes of tem- 

 perature than keeping them free from 

 frost ; for if kept frozen, they remain 

 sound all the winter, and are to be 

 thawed slowly, by first immersing in 

 spring water (at 40^ Fahrenheit), in 

 the shade ; but in these cases the 

 freezing must have been gradual, and 

 not sudden. See Barrow. 



The spexcing of lands, or efflores- 

 cence of ice which occurs on stiff 

 soils during winter, is produced by 

 the thawing of an inch or two of the 

 surface during the winter, and a sud- 

 den frost subsequently : in this way 

 the water confined in the thawed part 

 being converted into ice, and expand- 

 ing, cannot find passage downward, 

 and so is thrown up, along with a 

 portion of earth, above the surface. 

 It does not occur to any extent on 

 well-drained, warm soils, and is fre- 

 quently injurious by casting out the 

 seeds of wheat and winter grains. 

 Drainage, and the use of the strong- 

 rooted wheats, with early sowing, 

 are the preventives. 



The spewing and disintegrating 

 effects of frost on lands are of eminent 

 service, when they are fallow, in pul- 

 verizing the soil and preparing it for 

 the spring crop. Exposing stiff lands 

 to frost by ploughing in the fall is 

 almost an essential condition of good 

 tillage : it is also of great service in 

 destroying the roots of weeds and 

 grubs of worms. 



Porous sandstone rocks are often 

 much disintegrated by the action of 

 freezing water, driven into their pores 

 by rains. 



FRUCTIFICATION. The part of 

 plants destined to produce fruit or 

 sporules. 



P'RITT. In botany, the ovarium 

 arrived at maturity. It is called 

 fleshy or indehiscent when pulpy, and 

 dehiscent, when dry. The divisions 

 within the fruit are termed carpels. 



Commonly it means a fleshy fruit 

 only. Fruits are rather laxative. 



FRUITING. Bcarmg fruit. 



FRUIT INSECTS. See the fruits, 

 as Apple. Plum, &c. 



FRU.MENTACEOUS. Resembling 

 wheat, or made of wheat. 



FRUSTRU.M. The part of a solid 

 cone left after cutting off the top. 



FRUTESCENT. Woody. 



FRUTEX. A shrub, a small tree, 

 the branches of which start from the 

 soil without any regular trunk. 



FUCUS. A genus of sea-weeds. 

 Fucoid, like a sea-weed. 



FUEL. Substancesused to obtain 

 heat are called fuel. The heat pro- 

 duced by burning a given weight of 

 fuel increases with the dryness, so- 

 lidity, and amount of carbon. The 

 immediate effect depends upon the 

 rapidity of burning, which is hastened 

 by a rapid draught of air, long chim- 

 ney, and other means. One pound 

 of bituminous coal will raise 60 lbs. 

 of water from 32° to 212° Fahrenheit. 

 The proportionate values of other 

 kinds of fuel, measured by the same 

 effect, are : 



which a lever moves. A prop. 



FULGORA. A genus of insects, 

 the fore part of the head of which is 

 produced into a large hollow recep- 

 tacle. Some are supposed to emit a 

 brilliant light. 



FULGURATION. In chemistry, 

 the sudden brilliancy emitted by gold 

 and silver as it cools from fusion be- 

 fore the blowpipe. 



FULIGINOUS (from fuligo, soot). 

 Sooty, of the colour or appearance 

 of soot. 



FULLERS' EARTH. A clayey 

 mineral, readil)- miscible with water, 

 used for fulling or cleaning cloth of 

 grease. 



FULLERS' TEASEL. See Teasel. 



FU.MIGATION. The exposure of 

 substances, or the air of a room, to 



311 



