GI.Y 



Gxi: 



mentable ; can be procured from 

 starch by the action of dilute sulphu- 

 ric acid and iieat. It differs from cane 

 sugar in containing more water, the 

 formula being C12 Hu On -{- 3 Aq., 

 when crystallized. 



GLUE. Impure gelatin. It is ob- 

 tained from clippings of skins, hoofs, 

 &c. The refuse and spoiled glue 

 form admirable nitrogen manures, 

 yielding ammonia in decaying ; 100 

 pounds of dry glue yield 9 pounds of 

 ammonia. It has been used on tur- 

 nips, and is well suited for cabbages 

 and plants requiring much putrescent 

 manure. 



GLUME. The husk or chaff of 

 wheat and grain plants. The awn 

 is called an arista. Ghunosus, fur- 

 nished with glumes. 



GLUTEN. The tenacious, semi- 

 transparent residue left on the cloth 

 after washing dough with water. It 

 is impure fibrin, and contains albu- 

 men. The amount in wheat is a test 

 of its nuiritiousness. When moist, 

 gluten putrefies, and has the prop- 

 erty of acting as a yeast or ferment 

 on solutions of glucose. Most seeds 

 contain a proportion of gluten, but 

 wheat the greatest amount : nitrogen 

 manures are said to increase the pro- 

 portion. The macaroni and vermi- 

 celli of Italy are, for the most part, 

 gluten. Dry gluten keeps well. 



GLUTEUS (from y/.ovro^, the but- 

 tocks). The name of some of the 

 muscles of the buttocks. 



GLUTINOUS. Adhesive. 



GLYCERIA FLUITANS. "Water 

 fescue, an indigenous grass growing 

 on the margins of lakes and rivers, 

 resembling the water rice. The seeds 

 are eaten in Germany like millet. 



GLYCERINE (from y/.vKoc, sweet). 

 A gelatinous body of a sweet taste, 

 left in solution in soap-making. It 

 acts as a base in fats and oils, which 

 are, indeed, salts of glycerine, stear- 

 ates, oleates, or margarates of that 

 body. In soap-making the potash or 

 soda combines with the oily acid, and 

 separates the glycerine. Its compo- 

 sition is C; H: 6i -\- Aq., and it near- 

 ly resembles gum. Liebig consid- 

 ers it an hydrated oxyde of glycerylc, 



with the latter of which the oily acids 

 are combined in fats. Mulder has 

 recently promulgated a new theory 

 with respect to glycerine : he suppo- 

 ses the existence of a compound rad- 

 ical lipyle = C3 Hi ; this forms a 

 protoxide (C.s H; O), called oxide of 

 lipyle, which is the base in neutral 

 fats, and that in saponification it 

 unites with water as it is liberated, 

 forming a compound of 2 atoms of li- 

 pyle with 3 of water. 



Redtenbacher, on the other hand, 

 maintains that the base in fats is 

 Acrolein (Ce H4 Oj), and that glycer- 

 ine isacrolein, with3 atoms of water. 

 This is the most satisfactory theory 

 at present, for acrolein is a known 

 body, which can be separated from 

 glycerine by heating with phosphoric 

 acid. 



The glycerine refuse from soap- 

 making is worthy of attention from 

 farmers ; it is at least as valuable an 

 addition to the compost heap as peat, 

 and much more destructible by fer- 

 mentation and eremacausis. 



GLYOION. Glycyrrhizine. 



GLYCYRRHIZA. The generic 

 name of liquorice. 



GLYCYRRHIZINE. Glycion. 

 Sugar extracted from liquorice and 

 some sweet woods ; it has the pecu- 

 liarity of combining with acids and 

 bases. It is neither crystallizable 

 nor fermentable. 



GLYPH. In architecture, a ver- 

 tical groove. 



GNATHIDIA (from yvadoc, a jaw). 

 In ornithology, the lateral parts or 

 rami of the mandible or lower jaw, 

 which are joined to the cranium be- 

 hind, and meet in front at a greater 

 or less angle. 



GNATHOTHECA (from yvaeoc, 

 and "djjKii, a sheath). In ornithology, 

 the horny or cutaneous integument 

 of the beak. 



GNATS. Insects of the family 

 CuUcidcE. Their bites are best treat- 

 ed with lard or olive oil, mixed with 

 a little ammonia. 



GNEISS. A stratified primary 

 rock, composed of the same materials 

 as granite, but the mica is somewhat 

 distributed in layers, which give it a 



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