GRA 



CRA 



operation is, for all deciduous trees 

 and shrubs, the spring, immediately 

 before the movement of the sap. 

 The spring is also the most favoura- 

 ble period for evergreens ; but the 

 sap in this class of plants being more 

 in motion during winter than that of 

 deciduous plants, grafting, if thought 

 necessary, might be performed at that 

 season. 



" Grafting Timhcr-trees. — The oak, 

 ash, hornbeam, and hazel may be 

 grafted, but there is a little difficulty 

 in grafting some of the hard-wood 

 trees. The lucombe, and other oaks 

 of that kind, require to have the Tur- 

 key oak for a stock ; and the ever- 

 green oaks must have their own spe- 

 cies. The common ash will take 

 with the ornus, and any of the hardy 

 varieties of true ashes, such as the 

 Chinese and entire-leaved. The horn- 

 beam may be used as a stock for Car- 

 pinus orientalis, and the cut-leaved 

 sort ; but the scions must be from 

 two years' old wood. The purple- 

 leaved hazel may be grafted on the 

 hazel stocks. 



" Graf Ling hij approach, or inarch- 

 ing, is a mode of grafting in which, 

 to make sure of success, the scion is 

 not separated from the parent plant 

 till it has become united with the 

 stock. Inarching is chiefiy practised 

 with camellias, myrtles, jasmines, 

 walnuts, firs, &.e., which do not flour- 

 ish by the common mode of grafting. 



" Grafting herbaceous plants differs 

 in nothing from grafting such as are 

 333 



of a woody nature, excepting that 

 this operation is performed when 

 both stock and scion are in a state 

 of vigorous growth. The only useful 

 purpose to which this mode has been 

 hitherto applied is that of grafting 

 the finer kinds of dahlias on tubers 

 of the more common and vigorous 

 growing sorts. In the Paris gardens, 

 the tomato is sometimes grafted on 

 tiie potato, tlie cauliflower on the 

 borocole, and one gourd on another, 

 as matter of curiosity. 



" Grafting the herbaceous shoots of 

 woody plants has been extensively 

 employed by French nurserymen, and 

 even in some of the forests of France. 

 The scions are formed of the points 

 of growing shoots ; and the stocks 

 are also the points of growing shoots 

 cut or broken over an inch or two 

 below the point, where the shoot is 

 as brittle as asparagus. The opera- 

 tion is performed in the cleft manner ; 

 that is, by cutting the lower end of 

 the scion in the form of a wedge, and 

 inserting it in a cleft or slit made 

 down the middle of the stock. The- 

 finer kinds of azaleas, pines, and firs 

 are propagated in this way, and thou- 

 sands of Finns larix have been so 

 grafted on Pinus syhcstris in the for- 

 est of Fontainebleau. At Hopetoun 

 House, near Edinburgh, this mode of 

 grafting has been successfully prac- 

 tised with Abies Sinithiana, the stock 

 being the common spruce fir." 



GRAIN. The unit of weight. See 

 Weights and Measures. 



GRAINS. The fruit or seeds of 

 gramineous plants, with beans, pease, 

 &,c. The weight of wheat and some 

 few other grains is established by 

 statute. Thus, in New-York a bush- 

 el weighs, 



wheat 

 rye . . 

 barley . 

 oats . 

 Indian coi 



GRAINS, BREWERS' AND DIS- 

 TILLERS'. The refuse of the mash 

 tub. Brewers' grains are best, as 

 they use barley : distillers employ rye 

 or corn. It is difficult to give any 

 valuation for this kind of food ; but 



