c;re 



GRE 



tially necessary, and where there are 

 no trees, rubbing-posts should be set 

 up to prevent the cattle from making 

 that use of the gates and fences. In 

 marsh land, which is chiefly divided 

 by ditches, this, indeed, should never 

 be neglected, as it is materially con- 

 ducive to their comfort." 



GREASE. For carts, a mixture 

 of tar with refuse lard, butter, or fat 

 is commonly employed. Twenty 

 parts plumbago powder and eighty fat 

 form a good grease for this purpose. 



GREASE IN HORSES. See Horse. 



GREAVES. See Graves. 



GREEN CROPS. Such crops, 

 roots, &c., as are fed ofT the land or 

 used in soihng, before becoming ripe 

 and fit for storage. When ploughed 

 into the ground, they form green fal- 

 lows. 



GREEN DYE. This is produced, 

 in all its shades, by using a bath of 

 blue, and then yellow. 



GREEN FALLOW. Green crops 

 ploughed into the soil. 



GREEN GRASS. Probably Poa 

 angustifolia. An early and late pas- 

 ture grass, much esteemed in the 

 Eastern States. It bears water well, 

 but is occasionally subject to rust. 

 See Grasses. 



GREEN-HOUSE. A conservato- 

 ry. This should be distinguished 

 from a hot-house, in wiiich artificial 

 heat is used. It is covered with 

 glass either on one or both sides ; if 

 on one only, that should have a 

 southern aspect. Plants are stored 

 here in pots or frames, fruit-trees 

 trained against the wall, and the roof 

 partially covered with grape-vines. 

 They are used to protect tender 

 plants from winter, and advance the 

 ripening of fruits. An Orangery is a 

 place of deposite for orange and oth- 

 er trees set in pots, which produce 

 their shoots in summer, and are then 

 transferred to the open air. It does 

 not always have a glass roof, but is 

 frequently a pit dug in the soil on a 

 hill-side, and covered, the south side 

 of which only is glazed. In very se- 

 vere weather the glass of the green- 

 house may be covered with mats. 



GREEN MANURES. Manures 

 352 



ploughed into the land in a fresh or 

 green state, especially green fallow 

 crops. The principal plants used for 

 this purpose are clover of various 

 kinds, buckwheat, grasses, oats, rye, 

 tares, various beans, lupins, spurry, 

 borage, and turnips running to flower : 

 young Indian corn, mustard, and, in- 

 deed, nearly all herbage the seeds of 

 which are not too expensive, have 

 been proposed. 



But there are two points worthy 

 of consideration in the use of these 

 plants : 1st. That some improve the 

 soil much more rapidly than others, 

 viz., clovers, grasses, spurry, and 

 buckwheat. 2d. That an excess of 

 green matter turned into the soil is 

 disadvantageous, bringing on a ten- 

 dency to mildew ; it is best, there- 

 fore, to scatter lime over a green fal- 

 low, harrow it in, and sow the seed 

 within a few weeks, unless the soil 

 is very stifl^; for the gaseous matter 

 given out by the decomposition of 

 the manures will be serviceable to 

 plants, and should not be lost. In 

 stiff soils make the fallow in the fall. 



By this means lands are very rap- 

 idly brought up if they are merely 

 deficient in vegetable matter; the ex- 

 pense is also much less than by the 

 accumulation and spreading of other 

 manures. Sea-weeds, weeds cropped 

 from the soil, &c., are also called 

 green manures when ploughed into 

 the soil in the fresh state. Some 

 writers use the term green manure 

 for long or unfermented dung. 



GREEN SAND. New-Jersey marl. 

 One of the upper secondary depos- 

 ites of geologists, consisting, for the 

 most part, of a sandy formation, the 

 grains of which are, however, much 

 softer than those of common sand, 

 and consist of silicate of iron chiefly ; 

 they are of several colours, from 

 greenish gray to deep green and olive. 

 It is extensively developed in the 

 United States, being found in the val- 

 ley of the Connecticut, southeastern 

 portion of New-Jersey, Delaware, 

 and Virginia. 



Some portions of this deposite con- 

 tain from 7 to 12 per cent, of potash 

 combined with the silicate of iron. 



