HED 



HED 



ing thrown in above, and the horse 

 power applied to the sweep (8) and 

 screw (G) below. The sides of the 

 chamber are opened to remove the 

 pressed hay by doors hung upon roll- 

 ers (18), and the upward pressure of 

 the screw is resisted by a strong cap 

 (4), which is pushed backward or for- 

 ward at pleasure. 



HAY KNIFE. It consists of a 

 stout blade furnished with a handle 

 at right angles, or, in another form, 

 of a blade somewhat like a spade, the 

 handle being above, and the cut made 

 by pressing downward. 



HAY STACK, or RICK. See 

 Stack. 



HAY TEA. The infusion made 

 by pouring boiling water over hay ; it 

 is said to replenish the udders of 

 cows, cause horses to stale freely, 

 and to be verv nutritious. 



HAZEL. See Filbert. 



HEADING TREES. The opera- 

 tion of cutting down the stem or 

 main shoot, to diminish the height 

 and cause the tree to throw out hori- 

 zontal or bearing limbs. 



HEAD LANDS. The places 

 where the plough turns in ploughing. 



HEART. The central hoUow 

 muscle which receives the blood and 

 drives it over the system. 



HEART WOOD. The central, 

 old, and coloured wood of trees : it is 

 the most durable. The duramen. 



HEAT. See Calonc. 



HEATH. Waste lands covered 

 with heath plants, species o{ Erica. 



HEAVY SPAR. Sulphate of ba- 

 rytes ; it has a specific gravity of 4 1 

 to 4 6, and is used to adulterate 

 while-lead. 



HECKLE. An instrument for sep- 

 arating the fibres of flax. See Flax. 



HECTIC FEVER. A fever oc- 

 curring in debilitated persons. 



HEDGE. A row of small trees or 

 shrubs, properly pruned, and serving 

 as a fence between fields. The haw- 

 thorn, Virginia thorn, holly, buck- 

 thorn, Osage orange, red cedar, ar- 

 bour vitae, form good hedges, espe- 

 cially the first four ; the honey locust, 

 privet, pyrus japonica, elder, and oth- 

 er plants are also occasionally used. 



The young plants, at two to three 

 years old, are to be removed from the 

 nursery to the hedgerow, either in the 

 fall or early spring, the tops being 

 pruned away. The line of hedge 

 should be first well ploughed and pre- 

 pared ; it will be of service to enrich 

 it with well-rotted peat, mould, or 

 manure ; it may be two feet wide, 

 and if the soil is not very well drained, 

 a ditch, one foot deep, may be dug on 

 each side, and the earth cast up on the 

 middle. The plants are to be weed- 

 ed, and pruned in the fall to one third 

 their height, and afterward managed 

 by foreshortening untU of sufficient 

 height and bushy ; they may be placed 

 in quincunx order, and somewhat in 

 clined across the ground of the hedge. 

 While young, the plants are to be 

 protected from cattle by fencing. Old 

 hedges which have become too tall, 

 or show little verdure, may be re-es- 

 tablished by cutting a part of the 

 main stems to the soil, and allowing 

 the stools to throw up new shoots. 

 In this kind of trimming, the stems 

 are to be cut upward with the bill, 

 and not downward, for, in the latter 

 case, the stem is often split ; water 

 lodges and rots it, in some measure. 



Worn-out hedges do not succeed 

 if replanted with the same trees ; a 

 new line must be chosen or new trees 

 used. In repairing gaps, it is often 

 necessary in an old hedge to plant 

 dissimilar shrubs, or to cut out the 

 soil with a spade and introduce some 

 that is new. 



There is a method of repairing 

 hedges which is called plashing. It 

 consists in cutting half through some 

 of the stems near the ground, and 

 then bending the upper parts down ia 

 a horizontal or oblique position, keep- 

 ing them so by means of hooked sticks 

 driven into the bank. Thus a live 

 hedge is made, which fills up the gaps 

 in the same manner as a dead hedge 

 would have done, and the bent stems 

 soon throw out shoots. If the stems 

 are young, and not above the thick- 

 ness of a finger, an excellent hedge 

 may be thus formed, which, when 

 clipped, wdl be close and perfectly 

 impervious ; but the work is gen- 



363 



