RUT 



RYE 



RUBBLE -STONES. Fragments 

 of brickliats, loose stones. 



RLBBI.NG-POST. A useful ap- 

 pendajje to the eattle-vard. 



R[:BIG0. Rust ill plants. See 

 Uredo. 



RUDDLE. An ochreous clay, red- 

 dle. 



RUE. Rula gravcolais. A foetid 

 shrub ; the leaves are reputed of use 

 as an antispasmodic. It grows readi- 

 ly in a clay soil without manure, and 

 is propagated by slips. 



RUMEN. The paunch, or first 

 stomach, of ruminating quadrupeds. 



RUMINANTS. Animals, as the 

 ox, sheep, and deer, which have four 

 stomachs and cloven hoof, and chew 

 the cud. 



RUMINATION. The act of Chew- 

 ins the Cud, which see. 



RUNGINATE. In botany, hooked 

 back, or curved in a direction from 

 the apex to the base, as the lobes of 

 the leaf of the dandelion. 



RUNNER. The stolon, or run- 

 ning stem, as in the strawberry : 

 it is a convenient means of propa- 

 gation. 



R U N T. A variety of common 

 pigeon ; small black cattle of Wales 

 and Scotland ; decrepid pigs. 



RUPTURE. A hernia or sinking 

 of the bowels through, so as to form 

 a large, soft tumour. 



RURAL ECONOMY. The man- 

 agement of all things pertaining to 

 the farm. 



RUSHES. The family of sedges, 

 called by botanists Juncus and Scir- 

 pus, growing in rich wet lands : they 

 are destroyed by draining, tillage, 

 and liming. Rushes make excellent 

 mats, coarse basket-work, and bot- 

 toms of chairs. 



RUST. Peroxide of iron, with 

 some amount of carbonate. A family 

 of parasitic fungi infesting grain and 

 plants, sometimes called liubigo. See 

 Undo. 



RUSTIC-WORK. In building, a 

 term applied to work jagged out into 

 an irregular surface. Work, also, 

 which is left rough. 



RUT. To cut a line on the soil 

 with a spade. The copulation of deer 

 L L I, 2 



in tho rutting season ; the track of a 

 cart-wheel. 



RUTA BAGA. See Tumip. 



RYE. Sccale cereale, of the fam- 

 ily GraminecR. " It bears naked seeds 

 on a flat ear furnished with awns like 

 barley. The straw is solid, the in- 

 ternal part being filled with a pith, 

 which, if it causes it to be inferior as 

 fodder, makes it more valuable for 

 litter, and still more so for thatching. 

 The value of the straw is often near- 

 ly equal to that of the grain. Rye 

 grows on poor, light soils which are 

 altogether unfit for wheat, and hence 

 tracts of light sands are often de- 

 nominated rye land. On these soils 

 this grain is far more profitable than 

 wheat, which can only be raised there 

 at a great expense of marling and 

 manuring. From experiments made 

 to ascertain the quantities of nutri- 

 tious matter in rye and wheat, Thaer 

 states their real comparative value 

 to be as 64 to 71. If the soil is capa- 

 ble of bearing a moderate crop of 

 wheat, it would be much more advan- 

 tageous to sow one portion of a field 

 with rye and another with wheat ; 

 and if meslin bread is desired, the 

 two grains may be mixed in any re- 

 quired proportion. Excellent bread 

 is made of two parts of wheat and 

 one of rye, ground together. Rye is 

 at present raised in very small quan- 

 tities in the United States. 



" Rye is extensively cultivated in 

 Europe, especially in the Nether- 

 lands, where it is the chief grain from 

 which the spirit called Hollands is 

 distilled ; and it is also the source of 

 whiskey. When malted, it makes 

 excellent beer, one bushel of rye malt 

 being equal to at least one and a quar- 

 ter of barley malt. The cultivation 

 of rye is very simple ; it is usually 

 sown after wheat, where the soil is 

 light and rich, or after turnips and 

 potatoes, in those soils which are 

 not strong enough for wheat. 



" It is mostly sown as a green 

 crop, and when fed ofl" early in spring 

 with sheep, the land is invigorated, 

 and will bear excellent potatoes or 

 other roots the same year. This 

 practice cannot be sufficiently rec- 



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