STU 



SUB 



STRONGYLUS. A genus of par- 

 asitical intestinal worms. 



STRONTIA. An alkaline earth, 

 very similar to lime. 



STRUMA. A swelling. 



STRYCHNIA. An extremely 

 poisonous vegetable alkali, obtained 

 from the nux vomica and other 

 strychnous plants. It produces vio- 

 lent convulsions. 



STUBBLE. The roots and stems 

 of grain plants left in the soil after 

 harvest. If they are long, it will be 

 best to burn them, but on light soils 

 they may be turned in. 



STUD. A post or upright in a 

 building : an establishment of hor- 



S6S 



STUMP MACHINE OR EX- 

 TRACTOR. A contrivance for the 

 extraction of stumps from new lands. 

 They are usually on the principle of 

 a windlass. The machines of Pratt 

 and Witney have been often recom- 

 mended. One of these will raise from 

 100 to 200 stumps a day ; they cost 

 from $200 to $400. The Western 

 Farmer and Gardener gives the fol- 

 lowing method of removing stumps : 



" Procure a dry, red-elm lever, 

 about twenty feet long, and about six 

 to eight inches in diameter ; a good, 

 stout log chain, with two yokes of 

 oxen ; this is all the machincrj/ that 

 is necessary. The mode of operation 

 is thus : wrap the log chain round the 

 stump, a little above the ground, and 

 make what is called a log hitch ; lay 

 the lever horizontally on the ground, 

 the large end next to the chain and 

 against the stump ; make the other 

 end of the chain fast to this end of 

 the lever, drawing the lever tight 

 against the stump ; the cattle are 

 hitched to the small end of the lever, 

 and driven round tlie stump in a cir- 

 cle of which the lever is the radius. 

 One revolution of the oxen round the 

 stump will generally twist out the 

 largest of them ; but should not the 

 power thus applied be sufficient to 

 move the stump, the side roots may 

 be uncovered and cut partly off; afler 

 this is done, the stump will he easily 

 removed. You will find this plan 

 much preferable to any ' patent stump 

 762 



extractor' that you may have seen 

 puffed in the papers." 



STY. See Hog-sty. 



STYLE. The stem which sup- 

 ports the stigma ; it is the upper por- 

 tion of the carpels. 



STYLOBATE. An uninterrupted 

 base common to many columns. 



STYPTICS. Substances which, 

 when applied to small wounds, re- 

 strain the flow of blood, as alum. 

 The word scarcely differs from as- 

 tringents. 



SUBCLAVIAN. Any part under 

 the clavicle or collar bone. 



SUB ERIN. The substance of 

 cork. By digesting it with nitric 

 acid, it is converted into suberic acid. 



SUBLIMATION. A process by 

 which solids are by the aid of heat 

 converted into vapour, which is again 

 condensed, and often in the crystal- 

 line form. This operation is frequent- 

 ly resorted to for the purpose of pu- 

 rifying various chemical products, 

 and separating them from substances 

 which are less volatile. 



SUBLINGUAL. The parts lying 

 under the tongue. 



SUBSOIL. The earth immediate- 

 ly below that which is tilled. The 

 value of land depends almost as much 

 on the subsoil as the tilth : if it be 

 wet and full of stagnant water, it 

 must be under-drained ; if it be hard 

 and rocky, the surface soil dries too 

 readily to a dust ; if it be deep and 

 too light, water and fluid manures 

 may drain away wastefully. 



S'UBSOILING. Loosening the sub- 

 soil by a plough without any mould- 

 board to turn it, has been strenuously 

 recommended of late, as a great im- 

 provement in tillage. A heavy plough 

 is first run along the field some six or 

 eight inches deep, and a subsoil 

 plough (see Ploug-h) follows in the 

 bottom of the furrow, deepening it to 

 fourteen or sixteen inches in all. 

 This differs from trench ploughing, in 

 which the subsoil is cast up and 

 mixed with the surface, by which the 

 soil is either benefited or injured, ac- 

 cording to the nature of the subsoil. 



The principal effect of subsoil 

 ploughing is, that the earth is deep- 



