TRAINING TREES. 



fers with the fruit, but the horizontal 

 plan IS most rei-ommendod, espe- 

 cially for plums and pears ; but some 

 gardeners give it the preference in 

 nearly every case (Fig. 2). 



Fan training is the most common, 

 especially for peaches, nectarines, 

 apricots, almonds, rigs, plums, and 

 cherries of small growth iFig. 3). 



Fig. 



Besides these most common meth- 

 ods, pendant, vertical, and high train- 

 ing are practised. In the first, the 

 branches are curved downward ; in 

 the second, several shoots, selected 

 from two horizontal branches, are car- 

 ried upright ; in the third, the main 

 stem is allowed to run nearly to the 

 top of the wall without branching, 

 3. 



and then the uppermost shoots are 

 trained horizontally and drooping. 

 This is especially recommended in 

 the grape and pear. It is a good plan 

 for filling up a wall, the lower parts 

 of which are covered with peaches and 

 other fan-trained trees. 



Some gardeners combine several 

 of these plans together, so as to give 

 the branches partly a horizontal, and 

 partly a fan training, and instead of 

 onemain stem only.others select two. 



Standards. — The commonest train- 

 ing for standards is dwarfing. The 

 leading shoot is kept down to eight 

 or ten feet, and the lower branches 

 trained out and thinned, so as to give 

 the tree the appearance of a shrub. 

 In this way apple orchards are man- 

 aged in Europe, and it is wonderful 

 how many varieties are thus culti- 

 vated on an acre. For this purpose, 

 crab or paradise stocks are chosen 

 for grafting, and the trees of small 

 growth taken. The main stem is 

 made to branch at eighteen inches, 

 and the trees set at eight to twelve 

 feet apart. 



The filbert is trained in a peculiar 

 manner : the leading shoot is headed 

 down to eighteen inches, and eight 



Y Y V 



F.>.4. 



strong shoots obtained within twelve 

 inches of the ground, and these are 

 trained outward by placing a hoop 

 between them : when they are well 

 formed, they are trained curving up- 

 ward. The centre is to be kept free, 

 and the shoots encouraged to six 

 feet ; the small 

 lateral branch- 

 es along these 

 shoots are to be 

 kept down to six 

 inches, and will 

 bear the fruit. 



Training en 

 quenouillc, or dis- 

 taff fa.shion, is a 

 favourite method 

 in France and 

 Brussels for ap- 

 ples and pears 

 (Figure i). The 

 branches are tied 

 down to stakes 

 driven near the 

 root, or to the 

 stem, until the 

 wood is firm. The 

 height of these 

 trees is usually 

 eight feet, but in 



France 



are 



