TRA 



TRI 



sometimes allowed to grow to twenty 

 feet. 



Another French plan of training 

 standards is in a pyramidal form (en 

 pyramide, Fiff. 5) ; this, with the pre- 

 Fig. 5. 



ceding, is the common method of 

 managing apples and pears. The tree 

 is either cut down to a dwarf of eight 

 or ten feet, or allowed to run up to 

 twenty or more. 



TRAM ROAD. A road set with 

 stone flags at such distances that the 

 wheels of wagons, &c., may contin- 

 ually roll on them. 



TRANSITION ROCKS. The ex- 

 tensive series of stratified and an- 

 cient rocks lying between the granit- 

 ic series and the coal. It consists 

 of slates, gneiss, and crystalline lime- 

 stones. 



TRANSPLANTING. The remo- 

 val of plants or trees from one place 

 to another. See Planting. 



TRAPA NATANS. The water- 

 chestnut. 



TRAP ROCKS. Ancient rocks 

 of fusion occurring in mountains 

 and large seams. They consist of 

 various mixtures of hornblend and 

 feldspar, and when containing much 

 iron are very destructible, but usual- 

 ly resist the action of weather for an 

 immense time. 



TRAUMATIC (from rpavfia, a 

 ■wound). Relating to or arising from 

 a wound. 

 806 



TRAVELLER'S JOY. Clematis 

 vitallia. A climbing shrub with while 

 llowers. 



TREFOIL. A general name for 

 the clovers, lucern, &c. Plants which 

 have leaves of three leaflets. 



TRENCH. A deep ditch. Trench- 

 ing, in gardening, is the preparation 

 of soils by digging two or more spades 

 deep, and exposing tlie soil. 



TRENCH PLOUGHING. Deep 

 ploughing; subs-oiling. 



TREPAN and TREPHINE. In- 

 struments for removing a part of the 

 skull in disease or accidents. 



TRIFOLIUM. Trifolium ijicarna- 

 tum. " This is an annual of rapid 

 growth, so that in southern climates 

 it may be sowed in summer after an 

 early crop of corn, and fed off or cut 

 before winter. It will stand the win- 

 ter well if sowed later, and give very 

 early feed in spring. It produces a 

 great abundance of seed if allowed to 

 ripen. It is a valuable addition to 

 the plants usually raised for fodder, 

 and fills up an interval between other 

 plants by its very early and rapid ve- 

 getation. The mode of sowing the 

 Trifolium incarnatum is simple, and 

 attended with very little expense. 

 In the month of August, as soon as 

 the crops of grain have been reaped, 

 the stubble is well harrowed, to raise 

 a small portion of mould ; the trifo- 

 lium is then sowed at the rate of four 

 bushels of the seed, in the husk, per 

 acre. There is a double advantage 

 in sowing it in this manner ; it saves 

 the thrashing required to separate 

 the seed, as a very slight beating will 

 separate the florets of the head or 

 spike sufficiently to sow them ; and 

 it vegetates sooner from the moist- 

 ure retained in the husk which en- 

 velopes the seed. A bush-harrow is 

 drawn over the land to cover the 

 seed, and it is rolled with a light roll- 

 er if the land be of a firm nature, or 

 with a heavier roller if it be a loose 

 soil. Thus the trifolium will vege- 

 tate much more certainly than if the 

 land had been regularly ploughed and 

 harrowed, which would have loosen- 

 ed it too much. 

 " It is not advantageous to let it be 



