WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



ed. When the thickness of the wall 

 exceeds 14 ijiches, the extra thick- 

 ness is estimated, and made an addi- 

 tional charge. This is the common 

 rule when the walls have only one 

 face. In double-faced walls there is 

 commonly an allowance of about one 

 third more. 3 pecks of good lime 

 will generally suflice to lay 1 perch 

 of stone wall. About 2 one-horse 

 loads of sand are allowed to make 

 mortar for 3 perches of stone wall. 



"To convert cubic feet into perch- 

 es, divide by 25 ; or, what is still 

 more easy, multiply by Ol. 



" In brick-work, 14 bricks are usu- 

 ally allowed to the cubic foot : some- 

 times only 13 are allowed. To con- 

 vert cubic feet into cubic yards, di- 

 vide by 3, and the product by 9. 



" Lumber Measure. — In estimating 

 the number of feet in a board, the 

 length in feet is to be multiplied by 

 the width in inches, and the result, 

 divided by 12, shows the contents in 

 feet. When boards are more than 1 

 inch thick, all over is added. A 

 board 12 feet long and U inch 

 thick would of course be estimated 

 to contain one fourth more than a 

 board onl}" 1 inch thick. 



" Capacity Measures. — Wine gal- 

 lon, 231 cubic inches ; beer gallon, 282 

 cubic inches ; bushel, 2150 42 cubic 

 inches ; lime bushel, 13^ inches diam- 

 eter at bottom, 15 inches at top, and 

 13-47 inches deep. A cord of wood 

 contains 128 cubic feet. A hogshead 

 of cider 1 10 wine gallons. 



" Weig/its. — A Troy pound is equal 

 to that of the United States mint, and 

 the avoirdupois pound bears to it 

 the ratio of 7000 to 576. 



60 lbs. of wheat pass for a bushel. 

 58 '• rye. 

 58 " corn. 

 48 " buckwheat. 

 47 " barley. 

 32 " oats. 



85 " coarse salt (foreign). 

 70 " ground salt. 

 62 " fine. 



60 " anthracite coal, 112 llis. make 1 

 owl., and 2240 lbs. = 1 ton. 



" If the square of the diameter of 

 a circle be multiplied by -7854, the 

 product is the area. If the diameter 

 of a sphere be cubed and multiplied 



by -6236, the product is the solidity ; 

 and the square of tiie diameter, mul- 

 tiplied by314159, is the surface of 

 the sphere. 



"To find the contents of a cask, 

 add double the square of the bung di- 

 ameter to the s(jiiare of the head di- 

 ameter, and multiply this sum by tiie 

 head of the cask ; then divide the 

 product by 1077 for ale gallons of 

 I 280 cubic inches each, or by 882 for 

 wine gallons of 231 cubic inches each. 

 " Method of ascertaining the Weight 

 of Cattle ivhilc living. — Tliis is of the 

 utmost utility for all those who are 

 not experienced judges by the eye, 

 and by the following directions the 

 weight can be ascertained witliin a 

 mere trifle. Take a string, put it 

 round the beast, standing square, just 

 behind the shoulder-blade ; measure 

 on a foot-rule the feet and inches the 

 animal is in circumference ; this is 

 called the girth ; then with the string 

 measure from the bone of the tail, 

 which plumbs the line with the hind- 

 er part of the buttock ; direct the line 

 along the back to the fore part of the 

 shoulder-blade ; take the dimensions 

 with the foot-rule, as before, which 

 is the length, and work the figures in 

 the following manner : Girth of the 

 bullock, 6 feet 4 inches ; length, 5 

 feet 3 inches ; which, multiplied to- 

 gether, make 31 square superficial 

 feet; that, again, multiplied by 23 

 (the number of pounds allowed to 

 each superficial foot of all cattle 

 measuring less than 7 and more than 

 five feet in girth), makes 713 lbs. ; 

 and allowing 14 pounds to the stone, 

 is 50 stone 13 lbs. ; and where the 

 animal measures less than 9 and more 

 than 7 feet in girth, 31 is the number 

 of pounds to each foot. Again, sup- 

 posing a pig or any small beast sliould 

 measure 2 feet in girth, and 2 feet 

 along the hack, which, multiplied to- 

 gether, make 4 square feet, that mul- 

 tiplied by 11, the number of pounds 

 allowed for each square foot of cattle 

 measuring less than 3 feet in girth, 

 makes 44 lbs. ; which, divided by 14, 

 to bring it to stones, is 3 stones; 2 

 lbs. Again, suppose a calf, sheep, 

 &c., should measure 4 feet 6 inches 



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