1 12 Morphology BOOK i 



tozoids, and, while not admitting them to the more highly 

 differentiated group, felt justified in assigning them an 

 intermediate position, a view which, however, he abandoned 

 a few years later. 



The numerous forms at that time known among the 

 Algae presented great difficulties to the searchers after 

 systematic relationship. Sachs spoke of the classification 

 of the group as being in the utmost confusion, and said that 

 the older divisions of its members into large groups and 

 families was inconsistent with the discoveries then continu- 

 ously coming to light, and that no satisfactory substitute 

 could be devised. He was so impressed with this feeling 

 that in the Lehrbuch he merely described seriatim the 

 forms which were known, making little effort to indicate 

 affinities. 



The Fungi were a little better known. De Bary classified 

 them into four groups, Phycomycetes, Hypodermii 

 (including the Uredineae and the Ustilagineae), Basidio- 

 mycetes, and Ascomycetes broadly the lines on which 

 present day classification runs, though certain modifications 

 and expansions have been adopted. 



The discoveries by Schwendener of the true nature of 

 the Lichens mark the years 1860 and 1862, though the 

 full statement of them was not made till 1868. He showed 

 that they are plant associations, an Alga and a Fungus 

 living together to their mutual benefit. His views were 

 bitterly opposed by many botanists of the older school, 

 and made their way at first but slowly. They received con- 

 firmation, however, at the hands of other workers, who 

 subjected the lichen thallus to a species of analysis. 

 Baranetzky, though he did not see the meaning of his 

 observations, showed in 1867 that the algal constituents, 

 or gonidia as they were called, are capable of an indepen- 

 dent existence if separated from the lichen, and are none 

 the worse for the separation when properly nourished. 



