406 The Physiology of Plants BOOK in 



Newcombe, who discovered it also in germinating seeds 

 of Lupinus albus and in the cotyledons of Pisum and of 

 Fagopyrum. 



Enzymes of this class were detected in the germinating 

 carob-bean by Effront in 1897, an( ^ ^ n various leguminous 

 seeds by Bourquelot and Herissey in 1899. These were 

 named caroubinase and seminase, respectively, by their dis- 

 coverers. The cytases were studied very carefully by Bour- 

 quelot and Herissey in 1898 and 1899. 



The products of the action of cytase were not very 

 satisfactorily ascertained, but the final one is some form 

 of sugar, while the intermediate substances are complex. 

 According to Bourquelot and Herissey the sugar consists 

 of a mixture of mannose and galactose. 



Czapek found in 1899 that the nutrition of certain 

 fungi which attack lignified cell walls is materially aided by 

 an enzyme, which he called hadromase, which dissolves the 

 woody constituents. He found it associated with cytase in 

 the hyphae. 



As we have seen, there is no doubt that certain of the 

 sugars found in plants must be regarded as reserve materials. 

 These are especially the polysaccharides cane sugar and 

 maltose, with others of similar constitution. The sugars 

 concerned in actual nutritive processes seem to be the mono- 

 saccharides derived from these. The study of the relations 

 of these several classes was conducted with much care after 

 1860, particularly in the later years of the century, and 

 brought to light the existence of several enzymes which 

 are concerned in the formation of the simpler ones by the 

 hydrolysis of the more complex. 



Invertase was the first of these to be discovered, and for 

 many years was the only one known. Its first detection 

 does not fall within our period, as it was found in the first 

 instance by the eminent French physiologist Claude Bernard 

 in 1849. After proving its presence in the secretion of 



