CHAPTER II. 



ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS AND TERMINOLOGY OF ORGANS FROM 

 CESALPINO TO LINNAEUS. 



1583-1760. 



WHILE botany was being developed in Germany and the 

 Netherlands in the manner described in the previous chapter, 

 and long before this process of development reached its furthest 

 point in Kaspar Bauhin, ANDREA CESALPINO in Italy was 

 laying down the general plan, on which the further advance of 

 descriptive botany was to proceed in the iyth and till far into 

 the 1 8th century; all that was done in the iyth century in 

 Germany, England, and France towards furthering morphology 

 and systematic botany was done with a reference to Cesal- 

 pino's principles, whether these were accepted and made use of, 

 or whether it was sought to refute them. This connection 

 with Cesalpino became gradually less close and less obvious, 

 being concealed by new points of view and by the increase of 

 material for observation ; but Cesalpino's ideas on the theo- 

 retical principles of systematic botany and the nature of 

 plants appear so plainly, even in the views of Linnaeus, that 

 no one can read both authors without lighting not unfrequently 

 upon passages in Linnaeus' 'Fundamenta' or in his Thilosophia 

 Botanica,' which remind him of Cesalpino, and even upon 

 sentences borrowed from him. As we saw in Kaspar Bauhin 

 the close of the course of development commenced by Fuchs 

 and Bock, so we may regard Linnaeus as having built up and 

 completed the edifice of doctrine founded by Cesalpino. 



