76 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [BOOKI. 



theless, he had no lack of adherents, and among them in 

 Germany, Heucher, Knaut, Ruppius, Hebenstreit, and Ludwig; 

 in England, Hill and others, who made alterations here and 

 there in his system, but any real development of it was from its 

 nature an impossibility ; he endeavoured to defend it against 

 the assaults of Ray and Dillen ; Rudbeck also declared against 

 him. 



JOSEPH PITTON DE TouRNEFORT 1 (1656-1708) founded his 

 system also on the form of the corolla, but his views are to 

 some extent opposed to those of Bachmann. While the latter 

 was pre-eminently critical and deficient in knowledge of species, 

 Tournefort was more inclined to dogmatise, and atoned in the 

 eyes of his contemporaries for want of morphological insight by 

 his extensive acquaintance with individual plants. He is 

 commonly regarded as the founder of genera in the vegetable 

 kingdom ; but it has been already shown that the conceptions 

 of genera and species had been framed as early as the i6th 

 century from the describing of plants, and that Kaspar Bauhin 

 also, in naming his plants, consistently distinguished genera 

 and species ; moreover Bachmann in 1690 had supported the 

 claims of the binary nomenclature as the most suitable for the 

 designation of plants, though he did not himself adopt it ; 

 Tournefort did adopt it, but in an entirely different way from 

 that of Bauhin. Bauhin gave only the name of the genus, and 

 supplied the species with characters ; Tournefort, on the other 

 hand, provided his genera with names and characters, and 

 added the species and varieties without special description. 

 Tournefort therefore was not the first who established genera ; 



1 Tournefort was born at Aix in Provence, and received his early educa- 

 tion in a Jesuit college. He was intended for the Church, but after his 

 father's death, in 1677, he was able to devote himself entirely to botany. 

 After travelling in France and Spain, he became Professor at the Jardin des 

 Plantes in 1683 ; but while thus engaged he made various journeys in 

 Europe, and in 1700 visited Greece, Asia, and Africa everywhere diligently 

 collecting the plants which he afterwards described. 



