126 GREEK PHILOSOPHY. 



thenes, a son of Aristotle's cousin, who afterwards attended Alexander 

 in his Asiatic expedition, and to whom we shall have occasion to 

 revert in the sequel. The second was, Theophrastus, Aristotle's suc- 

 cessor in the school of the Lyceum some years afterwards ; and the 

 third was one Marsyas, a native of Pella, brother to the Antigonus, 

 who, after the death of Alexander, when the generals of the monarch 

 divided their master's conquests among them, became King of Lycia 

 and Pamphylia. He was a soldier and a man of letters ; and one 

 work of his ' On the Education of Alexander' is, perhaps, as great a 

 loss to us as any composition of antiquity which could be named. 

 Aristotle On Alexander commencing his eastern expedition, Aristotle, leaving 



Athens to kis relation and pupil Callisthenes to supply his own place as a friendly 

 B.C. 335-4. adviser to the youthful monarch, whom he accompanied in the osten- 

 sible character of historiographer, 1 returned to Athens. Whether 

 this step was the consequence of any specific invitation or not, it is 

 difficult to say. Some accounts state that he received a public request 

 from the Athenians to come, and conjointly with Xenocrates to suc- 

 ceed Speusippus. 2 But these views appear to proceed upon the 

 essentially false opinion that the position of teacher was already a 

 publicly recognized one, and besides to imply the belief that Xenocrates 

 and Aristotle were at the time on their travels together ; whereas we 

 know that the latter was in Macedonia till B.C. 335, and that the 

 former had four years before this time succeeded Speusippus, not by 

 virtue of any public appointment, but in consequence of his private 

 why- wish. 3 If any more precise reason be required for the philosopher's 



change of residence than the one which probably determined him at 

 first to visit Athens, namely, the superior attractions which that city 

 possessed for cultivated and refined minds, we should incline to believe 

 that the greater mildness of climate was the influencing cause. 4 His 

 health was unquestionably delicate ; and, perhaps, it was a regard for 

 this, combined with the wish to economize time, that induced him to 

 deliver his instructions (or at least a part of them) not sitting or 

 standing, but walking backwards and forwards in the open air. The 

 extent to which he carried this practice, although the example of Pro- 

 tagoras 5 in Plato's Dialogue is enough to show that he did not originate 

 it, procured for his scholars, who of course were obliged to conform to 

 Peripatetics, this habit, the soubriquet of ' Peripatetics,' or ' Walkers backwards and 



developed eleven years afterwards to exhibit his unfitness as an adviser of Alexander 

 to any eye, certainly to the sharp-sighted one of Aristotle. Besides, it is not likely 

 that Alexander would have chosen one whom he was not already acquainted with, 

 to attend him in such a capacity as Callisthenes did. 



1 Arrian, iv. 10. 



2 Pseudo-Ammon. Vit. Lat. 



3 Diog. Laert. iv. 3. 



4 This seems to be the true interpretation of the expression of Aristotle cited by 

 Demetrius (De Elocut. sec. 29, 155), \yu IK ju.lv 'Afavuv il$ ^rctyti^tn v\6ov liu TOV 

 /Sair/Xsa <rov [tlyav, Ix $1 ~2,rat,y'tiuv tis 'A&qvxs $101, rev %ii{tuvot rov 



5 P. 314, E. 315, C. 



