4o VETERINARY LECTURES 



and binding. The capsular ligaments are fibro-membranous bags 

 or sacks, which envelop both ends of the bones, and are lined by a 

 fine synovial membrane, which secretes the synovia, or joint oil, 

 by which the articulation is lubricated. The binding ligaments are 

 flattened or rounded bands running from the lower end of one bone 

 to the top of the succeeding bone, and when present at the sides of 

 the joint are called lateral ligaments ; but when found between the 

 ends of the bones in the joint they are called interosseous, and 

 when they bind down tendons passing over the joints are named 

 annular ligaments. 



67. Cartilage, or gristle, is a pale bluish-white, firm, elastic, 

 glistening substance, which is found adhering to the surface of 

 bones, and forming parts of the skeleton, and is of two kinds — 

 temporary and permanent. The temporary cartilage forms the 

 original basis of bone, which in adult life becomes ossified. 

 Permanent cartilage consists of two varieties— viz., hyaline carti- 

 lage and fibro-cartilage. And these again are named according 

 to the purpose they serve, such as articular, when at the ends 

 of bones to form joints ; or interarticular, when it forms a pad in 

 the middle of a joint, as between the bones of the vertebrae and in 

 the stifle. We also have the costal cartilages, prolonging ribs 

 anteriorly ; the cariniform cartilage, keel-shaped, at the front of 

 the sternum ; the ensiform cartilage, heart-shaped, at the posterior 

 end of the sternum ; and the cartilage of prolongation, attached to 

 the top of the scapula. Lateral cartilages are found on each side of 

 the foot ; and various cartilages form the basis of the ear, larynx, 

 and wind-pipe. In short, cartilage is found giving shape and 

 form where bone would not answer. Now, all these structures are 

 liable to disease and injury, as well as the soft parts of the body. 



68. Bones are subject to inflammation, more particularly so 

 those of young animals, before they are matured. Healthy bone is 

 non-sensitive, or very slightly so ; but when bone is under inflam- 

 mation, then, owing to its unyielding nature, the pain is very acute. 



69. Periostitis is inflammation of the covering of the bone, and 

 mostly occurs in young race-horses as sore shins. When the 



