258 VETERINARY LECTURES 



teeth. When the puppy is three and a half months old, the tem- 

 porary or milk teeth fall out, and are replaced by permanent teeth, 

 which process takes from four to six weeks ; so that when the dog 

 is four and a half to five months old the dental process should be* 

 completed — i.e., in the large breeds, but the small types, such 

 as toy dogs, etc., take several weeks longer. According to recent 

 teaching, the three first molars or temporary teeth, and those that 

 replace them (on each side, above and below), in the horse, cow, 

 and sheep, are called premolars, while the pig and dog have each 

 four more (one on each side, above and below), called anterior pre- 

 molars, and situated close behind the tusks. 



378. Dental Derangement. — As a rule, puppies rarely show 

 any inconvenience when getting their milk teeth, but in casting the 

 temporary and getting the permanent teeth they sometimes suffer 

 from diarrhoea, fits, etc Occasionally the roots of the temporary 

 teeth are pressed to one side by the permanents, when they become 

 attached to the bony processes of the jaw, and cause inconvenience 

 and trouble ; in such cases they must be removed. The tusks 

 seem more liable to this than the other teeth. The teeth of the 

 dog are, at times, broken by the animal chewing hard substances, 

 such as stones, etc. ; and in such cases the sharp edges must either 

 be filed or cut off. Tartar also occasionally accumulates round the 

 tooth, just above the gum, and when this gets to be troublesome it 

 must be scraped off. Any diseased teeth that may be observed, 

 when interfering with the feeding of the dog, should be removed. 



FEEDING STUFFS. 



(In Connexion with Dentition.) 



379. A few brief remarks anent some of the various kinds of 

 feeding stuffs may not be out of place in this lecture. 



380. Wheat. — This cereal, although a ready feeder, contains too 

 much starchy matter to make it a safe article of diet, either for 

 horses or cattle, when given alone or in any appreciable quantity. 

 For the horse, it should never be given raw, as it has a tendency to 

 produce flatulent colic, congestive fever, weed, swelled legs, laminitis, 

 and diarrhoea. It also throws the animal out of condition, causing 



