APPENDIX B 50I 



their action on the tissues of the body, but it is thought that they dis- 

 place and remove effete debris from the system, and at the same time 

 supply the necessary normal constituents to the tissues. Alteratives 

 have been in common use for ages past. The best of all the alteratives 

 are, however, plenty of fresh air, proper ventilation and drainage, good 

 sweet food, and clean bedding ; also clipping, exercise, and good grooming 

 in winter. Raw linseed oil and cod -liver oil, from \ ounce to 2 ounces, 

 given once a day, have a splendid alterative action on horses and cows. 

 For Sheep, one-fourth of the quantity may be given. Grass and other 

 green foods are the best alteratives during summer. Winter, however, 

 is the time when alterative medicines are usually given to the Horse. 

 As an alterative for the Pig, 1 drachm each of carbonate of soda and 

 flowers of sulphur can be given daily in the food. For the Dog, the 

 dose ought to be 1 to 2 drachms of Parrish's syrup or Fellows' syrup of 

 hypophosphites. 



1008. Anaesthetics are agents that prcduce insensibility, and control mus- 

 cular action, and may be said to act both generally and locally. General 

 Anesthetics prcduce insensibility by the inhalation through the nostrils 

 of the fumes of Nitrous Oxide, Chloroform, and /Ether, or a mixture 

 of the two latter. Local Anesthetics produce non-sensitiveness in the 

 parts to which they are applied. A 5 per cent, solution of Cocaine, 

 applied with a brush or cotton -wool, answers best. Carbolic acid, 

 aconite, and extreme cold are also occasionally used. 



1009. Anodynes relieve pain, and act both locally and generally. The local 

 agents are for outward application, and are many, such as hot and cold 

 water applications, belladonna, cocaine, menthol, tar, carbolic acid, 

 blisters, etc. The general agents are either given by the mouth or — 

 hypodermically — by the skin. Those most generally given by the 

 mouth are opium, chloral hydrate, spirits, also turpentine, and, hypo- 

 dermically, morphia and atropine. 



1010. Anthelmintics, Vermicides, and Vermifuges, are worm annihilators 

 and expellers. The Vermicides are supposed to kill the worms, while the 

 Vermifuges purge the parasites from the inside wall of the bowels and 

 expel them. Green food in the early summer months is a good vermifuge 

 — particularly for Bots in the horse. 



ion. Antiseptics retard and prevent the development of disease-producing 

 germs, while disinfectants kill them outright ; therefore an antiseptic 

 cannot take the place of a disinfectant, but certain disinfectants, when 

 diluted, will act as antiseptics. Antiseptics act both externally and 

 internally, but in the latter case they are very uncertain in their action, 

 as disease-producing germs are difficult to deal with when present within 

 the living body. Common salt, hyposulphite of soda, and quinine are 

 amongst the best and safest antiseptics for internal use. External anti- 

 septic agents are numerous. Carbolic acid is the agent mostly used in 

 veterinary practice, when diluted — say, 1 part of the acid with 10 to 

 60 parts of glycerine, olive oil, or water ; phenyle, chinosol, and Sanitas 

 are occasionally used, and are diluted according to the purpose for which 

 they are required. 



