APPENDIX C 521 



other buildings. The agents mostly used for fumigations are : Chlorine 

 gas, iodine, sulphur, and formalin fumes. Chlorine gas is liberated by 

 mixing equal parts of common salt and black oxide of manganese in an 

 earthenware jar, to which is added 2 parts each of vitriol and water. 

 Sulphur fumes are generated by burning roll sulphur in an old pan, or 

 by sulphur candles. Iodine fumigations are made by putting 1 or 

 more drachms of iodine on a piece of hot iron or hot brick. Formalin 

 tablets are placed in a special crucible, and by the aid of a spirit-lamp the 

 fumes are liberated. When fumigating buildings all the animals must 

 be removed, and the openings, windows and doors tightly closed ; after 

 the fumigation the doors, windows, and ventilators must be freely opened 

 before the animals are again admitted. 



1092. Hypodermic Injections. — The method of giving medicine by injecting 

 it through the skin is one of the greatest boons in medical science, and is 

 now largely practised. It is found that by injecting certain medicinal 

 agents in solution — which for this purpose are very numerous — under 

 the skin, they establish their action more quickly than when they are 

 inhaled by the lungs. The}' - are carried direct into the blood without 

 undergoing any chemical changes, which they are very apt to do when 

 given by the mouth. The operation is very simple, and is performed by 

 the aid of a graduated glass-barrelled syringe, with a fine hollow needle, 

 fitted on to the nozzle of the syringe. The instrument in all cases must 

 be kept scrupulously clean. The most convenient places for inserting 

 the needle and injecting the medicine are in front of the breast or behind 

 the elbow, where the skin is fine and thin. 



1093. Inhalations are mostly used for soothing or stimulating the cavities 

 of the head and air-passages, also for the destruction of parasites in the 

 windpipe and bronchial tubes. For cold in the head, laryngitis, and 

 bronchitis, they are highly serviceable. The most common is the warm, 

 moist air from a steam-kettle, or the steam vapour from a hot mash or a 

 sop of hay in the bottom of a stable bucket, the nose of the horse being 

 held over it for twenty minutes three or four times a day. The action is 

 very much benefited when about one tablespoonful of camphor shavings, 

 turpentine, carbolic acid, or oil of eucalyptus, is put amongst the hay 

 before pouring on the hot water. 



1094. Insufflators are hollow tubes, made either of vulcanite, wood, 

 Japanned tin, or indiarubber, with a glass nozzle. They are of various 

 lengths and shapes. The ordinary nasal insufflator is a hollow vulcanite 

 tube about 9 inches long, with an indiarubber ball, having a hole in it, 

 fixed to the broad end of the tube. It is used for inserting dry dressings, 

 such as iodoform, into wounds, and the nose or ear. The dressing is put 

 into an opening in the side of the tube near the broad end ; this is covered 

 by a slide. The small end of the instrument is inserted into the nose, 

 ear, etc. ; the rubber ball is then pressed, and the dressing is distributed 

 into the affected parts. 



1095. Inoculations, Vaccines, or Antitoxine Treatment. — These agents 

 are said to have a protecting influence, and prevent the disease-producing 

 organisms invading the body. The vaccines or serums are prepared by 



