88 



ELEMENTS OF STRUCTliHAL BOTANY. 



this cr-3e is known as the palate. A good mcnv ccroi 

 las such as those of Toadflax, Dicentra, Snapdragon, 

 Columbine, and Violet, have protuberances or S2mrc at 

 the base. In Violet one petal only is spurred ; in 

 Gohinibine the whole five are so. 



132. The Stamens. As calyx and corolla are 

 called collectively the floral envelopes, so stamens and 

 pistil are spoken of collectively as the essential organs of 

 the flower. The circle of stamens alone is sometimes 

 called the andrtccium. A complete stamen consists of a 

 slender stalk known as the ftlament, and a small sac 

 called the anther. The filament, however, is not un- 

 commonly absent, in which case the anther is sessile. 

 As a general thing, the anther consists of two oblong 

 cells with a sort of rib between them called the connec- 

 tive, and that side of the anther which presents a dis- 

 tinctly i//-oo((?tZ appearance is the face, the opposite side 

 being the back. The filament is invariably attached to 

 the connective, and may adhere through the entire 

 length of the latter, in which case the anther is adnate 



Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 146. 



(Fig. 144), or the base of the connective may rest on 

 the end of the filament, a condition described as innate 

 (Fig. 145), or the extremity of the filament may be 

 attached to the middle of the back of the connective, so 

 that the anther swings about ; it is then said to be 

 versatile (Fig. 146). In all these cases, if the face of 



