94 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 



148. In the Apple (Fig. 48) and Pear, the seeds are 

 contained in five cells in the middle of the fruit, and 

 these cells are surrounded by a firm fleshy mass which 

 is an enlargement of the calyx. In fact, the remains of 

 the five calyx- teeth may be readily detected at the end 

 of the apple opposite the stem. As in Willow-herb, 

 the calyx is adherent to the ovary, and therefore calyx 

 and ovary together constitute the pericarp. These 

 fleshy-fruits, or jwjnes, as they are sometimes called, 

 are of course indelmcent. 



149. In the Currant, as in the Apple, yon will find 

 the remains of a calyx at the top, so that this fruit, too, 

 is inferior, but the seeds, instead of being separated 

 from the mass of the fruit by tough cartilaginous, cell- 

 walls, as in the Apple, lie imbedded in the soft juicy 

 piilp. Such a fruit as this is a herry. The Gooseberry 

 and the Grape are other examples. The Pumpkin and 

 other gourds are similar in structure to the berry, but 

 besides the soft inner pulp they have also a firm outer 

 layer and a hard rind. The name j^^P^ is generally 

 given to fruits of this sort. 



1 50. A Raspberry or Blackberry (Fig. 157) 

 proves, on examination, to be made up of a 

 large number of juicy little drupes, aggre- 

 gated upon a central axis. It cannot, 

 therefore, be a true berry, but may be called 

 FiR. ir.7. an aggregated fruit. 

 151. A Strawberry (Fig. 158) is a fruit 

 consisting chiefly of a mass of pulp, hav- 

 ing its surface dotted over with little 

 carpels (achenes) similar to those of the 

 Buttercup. The flesh of the Strawberry 



^ ^ Fig. lis. 



