J. W. H. Harrison . 217 



Subsequently the blanks have been filled, in part artificially with 

 larch, spruce and alder, and in part naturally with mountain ash and 

 alder so that the lower portion of the wood may be classed as mixed larch 

 and alder with the latter predominating (amongst which occur old Scotch 

 firs and poplars), whilst the upper produces spruce and Scotch firs with 

 occasional birches in the open spaces near the hill crests. Mountain 

 ashes occur sporadically everywhere. Also as shown on the map on 

 Fig. 9, growing in a mass surrounded by these unusual associates, still 

 exists a small patch of oaks. 



That we are here dealing with the recolonisation of deforested areas 

 is perhaps hinted at by the intrusion of scattered low-lying stretches of 

 the common bluebell {Scilla nutans), apparently quite at home with such 

 strange associates as Trientalis europaea. 



Thus we see that early in the nineteenth century we had in Lonsdale 

 an alderwood continuous with the alders, willows and aspens marshalled 

 along Lonsdale Beck, succeeded as we ascend the dale by a few oaks 

 which were isolated by great stretches of larch, pine and alder from all 

 contact with similar trees — and this is the position as it appears on the 

 1860 Ordnance Survey. 



But the alders edging the stream, as we have demonstrated, like 

 those in Ingleby Parish, Farndale and elsewhere, supported an autumnata 

 colony which, as soon as circumstances admitted of the passage, colonised 

 the new wood ; their fate we shall consider below. 



We must now return to Eston Moor ; shortly after the foundation of 

 the plantations in Kildale and Lonsdale the enclosure of common lands 

 began, and amongst the land so enclosed were the portions of Eston Moor 

 marked Wilton Wood and Normanby Intake Plantation on- Fig. 10. 

 Almost immediately irregular parts of the former were planted with 

 larch and Scotch fir; these parts included a narrow wedge just south of 

 the Beacon, narrow irregular patches skirting the lower boundaries of 

 the enclosure, and a narrow strip with parallel sides joining up the 

 former and otherwise disjoined parts. The upper part surrounding the 

 Beacon was left untouched as was the broad central area, and both, when 

 the 1860 Ordnance Survey map was produced, were heather and Nardus 

 moorland and are labelled "Lighthouse Fields" and "Wilton Moor" 

 respectively. Both supported (and still support) a few alders and odd 

 birches around the Carr pools. Subsequently, some score or so of years 

 later, the whole of the open portion of the enclosed area was planted with 

 larch and fir. 



Half a mile away, matters at Normanby and Upsall Intakes pursued 



