F. Pitt 283 



II. Extension of Pigmented area, or ''Dark Neck" : Is a not un- 

 common departure from type. The white patch on the crest is lost, the 

 pigmented area shows a general tendency to encroach on the white 

 parts, the tail being often coloured to the end, and the limbs down to 

 the gi'ound. See PL VII, figs. 4 and 5, and grade + 3 on PI. VIII. The 

 character has been found to be produced by a dominant factor for 

 which the letter "D" will be used. 



III. Pigment Surrounding the Eyes: This is a ring of red round 

 each eye, which varies in amount. As long as it is not excessive breeders 

 do not object to it, and red, or "cherry" eyes are characteristic of some 

 families of Herefords. See PI. VII, figs. 5 and 6. The character is 

 designated " R" in this paper. 



IV. Pigmented or "Dirty" Nose: Spots of brown, and black, and of 

 black and brown mixed, sometimes appear on the noses of Hereford 

 cattle. Occasionally the whole nose is dark. Such "dirty" noses are 

 greatly disliked by breeders, who invariably eliminate the bearers of 

 them from their herds, yet dark noses continue to crop up in even 

 the best-bred strains of cattle, and very often accompany the sought 

 after and fashionable claret-coloured coat. "P" will herein be used for 

 this character. See PL VII, fig. 7, and PL X, for examples of the " dirty " 

 nose character. 



V. Coat Colour: Two alternative characters are here dealt with, 

 the first and dominant being the pale brown shade sometimes known to 

 breeders as " yellow," and the deep plum tint called "claret" or " purple," 

 which behaves as a recessive to the paler type of pigmentation. The 

 lighter colour was at one time the more general, but having become 

 unfashionable is not so common now. The pale brown factor is herein 

 styled "5," and that for the "claret" coat is called "C." 



I. Excessive White. 



As already stated there are degrees of excessive white, which possibly 

 indicates the presence of two or more complementary factors, such as 

 give rise to the fluctuating character of "hooding" in rats, but the 

 figures at present available are too small to permit of analysis. All that 

 can be said with certainty is that too much white acts as a recessive to 

 normal colouration. I first obtained evidence of this in the progeny of 

 a bull called Lowland Paradigm (26986). He was an exceptionally fine 

 animal, and his colour and markings were all that could be desired, yet 

 five of his produce were badly marked, and more " white " individuals 

 appeared in subsequent generations. The fact of the white appearing 



